History

Ch-1: Introduction-Tracing Changes through a Thousand Years

Que 1. Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past? 

Ans: In medieval times, any stranger who came to a village was considered a ‘foreigner’, who was not a part of that society or culture. Such a person was called Pardeshi in Hindi and Ajnabi in Persian.

Que 2. State whether true or false:

1. We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700. 
2. The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period. 
3. Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements. 
4. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir. 

Ans:

1. We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.  False 
2. The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period. True
3. Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements. True
4. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir. False

Que 3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Archives are places where _______________ are kept. 
2. _______________ was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
3. _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____ were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period. 

Ans:

1. Archives are places where manuscripts , records , documents are kept. 
2. Ziyauddin Barani was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
3. Potatoes, corn, tea, chillies and coffee were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.

Que 4. List some of the technological changes associated with this period.

Ans: Some of the technological changes that took place during this period are as follows

1. Persian wheel in irrigation,
2. Spinning wheel in weaving,
3. Firearms in war.

Que 5. What were some of the major religious developments during this period?

Ans: Some of the major religious developments during this period were as follows:

1. Worship of new deities.
2. Construction of temples by royalties.
3. Increasing importance of Brahmins as priests in the society.
4. The emergence of the idea of bhakti.
5. New religions came into being.

Let’s understand

Que 6. In what ways has the meaning of the term “Hindustan” changed over the centuries? 

Ans:

(i) Today we take ‘Hindustan’ to mean ‘India’ the modern nation state.

(ii) When the term was used in the thirteenth century by Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who wrote in Persian, he meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna.

(iii) In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Babur used the word Hindustan to describe the geography, animals and birds and the culture of the inhabitants of this subcontinent.

Que 7. How were the affairs of jatis regulated? 

Ans: 

1. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members. 
2. These regulations were enforced by an assembly of elders, described in some areas as the jati panchayat. 
3. But jatis were also required to follow the rules of their villages. 

Que 8. What does the term pan-regional empire mean?

Ans:  Dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis, Tughlaqs and Mughals were able to build a huge empire spread over many areas. These were called pan-regional empires. All these empires were not equally stable or successful.

Let’s discuss

Que 9. What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?

Ans: The difficulties are as follows –

(i) There was no printing press in those days so scribes copied manuscripts by hand. It was difficult to understand other people’s handwriting.

(ii) Due to frequent copying of manuscripts, same text became substantially different from one 

another.

(iii) This is a serious problem because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

Que 10. How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems in doing so?

Ans: Historians used to divide the past into epochs, periods having similar characteristics. They faced many difficulties in this work.

Let’s do 

Que 11. Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 with the present-day map of the subcontinent, listing as many similarities and differences as you can find. 

Ans: Similarities:- Coastal details are similar. Some information is the same as Uttar Pradesh.

Differences:- Name changes of many places. There is no proper sense of direction.

Que 12. Find out where records are kept in your village or city. Who writes these records? Is there an archive? Who manages it? What kinds of documents are stored there? Who are the people who use it?

Ans: The records of our village and city are kept in the record room of the district. These records are prepared by the officers of the concerned department. Yes we have an archive here. It is looked after by the district administration. Here land, population, forests and many other types of documents are stored. The government uses them.

Ch-2: New Kings and Kingdoms 

Let’s recall

Que 1. Match the following:

Gurjara-Pratiharas Rashtrakutas Palas Cholas

Western Deccan Bengal Gujarat and Rajasthan Tamil Nadu

Ans:

Gurjara-Pratiharas Rashtrakutas Palas Cholas

Gujarat and Rajasthan Western Deccan Bengal Tamil Nadu

Que 2. Who were the parties involved in the “tripartite struggle”?

Ans: The parties involved in the tripartite strugglewere the rulers belonging to the Gurjara Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties who fought for the control over Kanauj. Because there were three parties in this long drawn conflict, historians often describe it as the tripartite struggle.

Que 3. What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola empire?

Ans: The qualifications necessary to become a member of the committee of the Sabha in the Chola Empire were as follows:

• The member had to be an owner of land from which land revenues were collected. 
• He had to have his own home.
• He had to be between 35 and 70 years of age.
• He had to have knowledge of the Vedas.
• He had to be honest and well versed in administrative matters.

Que 4. What were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas?

Ans: Two major cities in control of the Chahamanas were Delhi and Ajmer.

Let’s understand

Que 5. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?

Ans: Rise of power of Rashtrakutas

• Rashtrakutas were initially subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka. 
• In the mid-8th century, chief of Rashtrakuta Dantidurga overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha which gave him the title of Kshatriya even if he was not one by birth.
• When they gained power and wealth, they declared themselves independent from their overlords.

They fought with Gurjara-Pratihara and Pala dynasties fought for control over Kanauj to demonstrate their power. This is how they rose to power.

Que 6. What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?

Ans: To gain acceptance, the new dynasties took on new titles, performed religious rituals like the hiranya- garbha which would make them part of the kshatriyas, used their military skills and engaged in warfare to assert their power and carve kingdoms for themselves.

• The new dynasties were based in specific regions and existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or samantas.
• They gained power and wealth to declare themselves maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara and so on.
• They asserted their independence from their overlords.
• They performed rituals to declare themselves to be Kshatriya with the help of Brahmanas.
• They fought war with neighbouring regions to gain power and also built temple to acknowledge it.

Que 7. What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region?

Ans: The irrigation works developed in the Tamil region were as follows:

• Wells were dug in some areas and tanks were constructed to collect rainwater. 
• Water from the channels of river Kaveri provided the necessary moisture for agriculture.
• Some areas wells were dug and in some places huge tanks were constructed to collect rainwater.
• Embankments were built to prevent flooding. > Canals were constructed to carry water to the fields.
• Sluice-gate were built to regulate the outflow of water from a tank into the channels that irrigated the fields.
• Forests were also cleared. The land was leveled, in the delta region embankments were built to prevent flooding and canals were constructed to carry water to the fields.

Que 8. What were the activities associated with Chola temples? 

Ans: Chola temples often became the nuclei of settlements which grew around them. 

• Temples were centers of craft production like making bronze images.
• Temples were also endowed with land by rulers as well as by others.
• The produce of this land went for maintaining all the specialists who worked at the temples and very often lived near it like – priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers etc. In other words, temples were not only places of worship; they were the hub of economic, social and cultural life.
• They were not only places of worship but also were the hub of economic, social and cultural life as well.

Let’s discuss

Que 9. Look at Map 1 once more and find out whether there were any kingdoms in the state in which you live.

Que 10. Contrast the “elections” in Uttaramerur with present-day panchayat elections.

Ans: The system of election in Uttaramerur was was quite different from that of the present day panchayat elections.

Election in Uttaramerur

In Uttaramerur election the names of the persons eligible to the members of the committees were written on the tickets of palm leaves. The tickets were put into an earthenware pot. Thereafter a young boy was asked to take out the tickets, one by one for each committee.

Election in present days

Now a days, panchayat members are elected with a symbol allotted to them on a paper called ballot paper. The voter put a stamp over their choice and drops it in to ballot box. After completing the voting, votes are counted and the winner’s name is declared on the basis of maximum number of votes gained.

Let’s do

Que 11. Compare the temple shown in this chapter with any present-day temple in your neighbourhood, highlighting any similarities and differences that you notice.

Que 12. Find out more about taxes that are collected at present. Are these in cash, kind, or labour services?

Ans: Today we pay a number of taxes as follows:

Property tax

Road tax

Service tax

House tax

Entertainment tax

Water tax

Sales tax, etc.

These taxes are in cash not in kind nor in labour services.

Ch-3: Delhi-12th To 15th Century 

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1: Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?

Ans: Tomar Rajputs first established his capital at Delhi.

Que 2: What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans? 

Ans: The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

Que 3: In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?

Ans: The Sultanate reached its farthest extent under the regions of Muhammad Tughluq.

Que 4: From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?

Ans: Ibn Battuta travel to India from the Morocco, Africa.

Let’s understand

Que 5: According to the “Circle of Justice”, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?

Ans: Military commanders provided protection and secure the peasant who could pay taxes only if they were prosperous and happy and taxes resulted in salaries of military commanders were interdependent on each other.

Que 6: What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?

Ans:

•  Internal Frontiers: The “internal” frontiers meant the hinterland and the garrison towns, often these places lay in close neighborhoods of the capital city of Delhi. The area of the internal frontier extended up to the forests of Ganga, Yamuna doab.
• External Frontiers: The “external” fronteries mean the areas that lied far away from Delhi, i.e., South India.

Que 7: What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?

Ans: These steps were:

1. Their office was not made hereditary.
2. They were assigned iqtas (Land as salaries) for a short period of time before being transferred.
3. Accountants were appointed to check the amount of revenue collected by the muftis.
4. It was checked that the mufti collected only those taxes which was by the state.

Mufti may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultan because they controlled money and military resources and were capable of rebelling against Sultans.

Let’s discuss

Que 8: Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women?

Ans: No, I don’t think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women because they were appointed by the Sultans to write about their political careers.

Que 9: Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted more readily today?

Ans: Yes, today, women leaders are accepted more readily. For example, Indira Gandhi became a successful leader as Prime Minister of India.

Que 10: Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reasons today? 

Ans: The Sultans of Delhi wanted to extend cultivation so that they could collect more land revenue. Hence, they ordered the cutting of forests. Today forests are cut for the extension of agriculture and establishment of industrial units.

Let’s do 

Que 11: Find out whether there are any buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries? Describe some of these buildings, and draw sketches of them.

Ans: Yes, there are many buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in our area. 

Yes, there are several buildings in our area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. Some of these are following:

1. Outb Minar
2. Fort of Firuz Shah Kotla
3. Hauz Khas
4. Jamali-Kamali Mosque.
5. Sirifort.
6. Begumpuri Mosque.
7. Moth Ki Masjid.
8. Bar Raziyya’s Tomb.

Ch-4: The Mughals (16th to 17th century)

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1: Match the following:

Mansab  Mongol Sisodiya Rajput Rathor Rajput Nur Jahan  subadar

Marwar governor Uzbeg Mewar  rank  Jahangir

Ans:

Mansab  Mongol Sisodiya Rajput Rathor Rajput Nur Jahan  subadar

rank  Uzbeg Mewar Marwar Jahangir governor

Que 2: Fill in the blanks:

(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was____________. 

(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar______and_______.

(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his________ 

(d) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of______so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.

Ans:

(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was   Kabul .

(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur  and Golconda . 

(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his number of Cavalrymen.

(d) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of Sulh-i kul so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.

Que 3: What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?

Ans: The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were:

Lahore

Kashmir

Kandhar 

Gujarat 

Delhi

Sindh 

Ajmer

Marwar

Deccan

Chittor

Que 4: What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagir? 

Ans: 

1. The people who joined Mughal service were called ‘Mansabdars’. 
2. The term mansabdar was used for such persons who held a mansab, meaning a position or rank. 
3. Mansabdar received their salary as revenue from the land called jagir.
4. The revenue from the jagirs and the salary of the mansabdars were almost the same.

Let’s understand

Que 5: What was the role of the zamindar in Mughal administration? 

Ans: The main role of the zamindars in the Mughal administration was to collect revenue from the farmers. They used to deposit the collected revenue in the government treasury.

Que 6: How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance? 

Ans:

1. Akbar started discussions with scholars of different religions.
2. These discussions led to Akbar’s understanding that scholars who emphasize religious customs and fanaticism are often fanatical. 
3. From the experience of religious discussions, Akbar adopted a policy of tolerance in administration which emphasized peace and justice.

Que 7: Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?

Ans:  The Mughals were the descendants of two great rulers. From their mother’s side they were descendants of Mongol ruler Genghis Khan. From their father’s side they were descendants of the Turkish ruler Timur. The Mughals did not like to call themselves Mongol. This was because the memories of Genghis Khan pertained to the massacre of hundreds of people. The Mughals took pride in being the descendants of Timur, more so because their great ancestor had captured Delhi in 1398.

Let’s discuss

Que 8: How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?

Ans :

1. Land revenue was the main source of income of the state. 
2. State expenses such as mansabdars, artists, laborers and other government employees depended on the revenue. 
3. All administrative work was completed by this income.

Que 9:  Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?

Ans: Initially the Mughals appointed only Turani or Iranian mansabdars. But gradually they appointed Mansabdars of different backgrounds like Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas etc. This helped the Mughals to expand their rule in India.

Que 10: Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?

Ans: Like the Mughal Empire, India today is made up of many social and cultural units. It is a challenge for national integration because mutual estrangement between different social communities becomes the cause of rebellion which affects national unity.

Que 11: Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?

Ans: Agriculture is as important today as in the Mughal Empire because agriculture is an important contributor to the Indian economy. Today the income gap between rich and poor in India has increased much more than during the Mughal period.

Ch-5: Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1. Match the following:

garh.                      khel

tanda                      chaurasi 

labourer                 caravan

clan                         Garha Katanga

Sib Singh                Ahom state

Durgawati               paik

Que 2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The new castes emerging within varnas were  called_____________.

(b) _____________ were historical works written by the  Ahoms.

(c) The ____________ mentions that Garha Katanga  had 70,000 villages.

(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to _________ and ________.

Que 3. State whether true or false: 

 (a) Tribal societies had rich oral traditions. 

 (b) There were no tribal communities in the north-western part of the subcontinent.

 (c) The chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.

(d) The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of the subcontinent. 

Que 4. What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists? 

Let’s understand 

Que 5. How was the administration of the Ahom state organised?

Que 6. What changes took place in varna-based society?

Que 7. How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state?

Let’s discuss 

Que 8. Were the Banjaras important for the economy?

Que 9. In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities? 

Let’s do

Que 10. Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and the environment of the area where they lived. 

Que 11. Find out about present-day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about these. 

Que 12. Find out more about present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by these groups?

Ch-6: Devotional Paths to the Divine

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1:Match the following:

The Buddha Shankaradeva  Nizamuddin Auliya Nayanars Alvars

namghar worship of Vishnu questioned social differences Sufi saint worship of Shiva

Ans:

The Buddha Shankaradeva  Nizamuddin Auliya Nayanars Alvars

Questioned social differences namghar Sufi saint Worship of Shiva Worship of Vishnu

Que 2: Fill in the blanks:

(a) Shankara was an advocate of________.

(b) Ramanuja was influenced by the___________.

(c)._____ , ________and ______were advocates of Virashaivism.

(d). _________was an important centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.

Ans:

(a) Shankara was an advocate of Advaita.

(b) Ramanuja was influenced by the Alvars, devi were advoca

(c) Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akkamahadevi were advocates of Virashaivism.

(d) Pandharpur was an important centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.

Que 3: Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis.

Ans:The briefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Sidhas and yogis were as under: 

1. The criticized the ritual and other aspects of conventional regional and social order.
2. They used simple and logical arguments to present their thoughts. 
3. They advocate renunciation of the world.
4. According to them Salvation could be attained by meditation on the formless ultimate reality and realization of oneness with it.
5. To achieve Salvation, they advocated intense training of the mind and body through practices like Yoga Asanas,breathing exercise and meditation.

Que 4: What were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?

Ans:The major ideas of Kabir were follows:

1. He believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to Salvation of through bhakti or devotion.
2. His teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, reaction of the major religious
3. traditions. He openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hindusthan and Islam.
4. He also ridiculed the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
5. To express his ideas, he used a form of spoken Hindi.

Let’s understand

Que 5: What were the major beliefs and practices of the Sufis?

Ans: Major beliefs and practices of the Sufis:

1. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasised love and devotion to God. 
2. They also emphasized compassion towards all fellow human beings.
3. They rejected idol worship and simplified rituals of worship into collective prayers. 
4. They believed in monotheism or submission to one God.
5. They rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by Muslim religious scholars.

Que 6: Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?

Ans: Many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices because 

1. It created differences in the society.
2. Those teachings favoured the upper caste people and lower caste people suffered. 
3. The idea that all human beings are not equal were prevailing in the society and must be abolished.
4. They believed in equality of God and want to break the evils of the society.
5. Bondage can be broken if approached God with devotion.

Que 7: What were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak?

 Ans: The major teaching of Baba Guru Nanak were as under:

1. He emphasized the importance of the worship of one God.
2. He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation.
3. His idea of liberation was the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
4. He, himself, used the terms nam, dan and insan for the essence of his teachings which actually meant right worship, welfare of purity of conduct.
5. Guru Nanak, thus, promoted the idea of equality. 
6. He directed the importance of right belief and worship, honest living and helping others.

Let’s discuss

Que 8: For either the Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.

Ans: The attitude of Virashaivas towards caste was as follows:

1. They reacted to the temple worship.
2. Virashaivas argued strongly for the equality of all human beings.
3. They rejected Brahmanical ideas about caste and the treatment of women.

Que 9: Why do you think ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai?

Ans: Due to the following reasons, the ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai: 

1. She was a queen and devote of Krishna.
2. She composed innumerable bhajans expressing here intense devotion to his beloved lord. 
3. She left her husband’s but she did not die. This popularized her as being saved by Lord. Thus, her authenticity as a true devotes was proved. 
4. She even drank poison, sent by her husband, but she did not die. This popularised her as being saved by lord. Thus, her authenticity as a true devote. 
5. Her songs openly challenged the nomars of the “upper” castes and become popular with the masses in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Let’s do

Que 10: Find out whether in your neighbourhood there are any dargahs, gurudwaras or temples associated with saints of the bhakti tradition in your neighbourhood. Visit any one of these and describe what you see and hear.

Ans: Students, do it yourselves. [Hint: There wouldn’t be any picture or idol of any God. The religious shrine would be devoted to some saint, etc.]

Que 11: For any of the saint-poets whose compositions have been included in this chapter, find out more about their works, noting down other poems. Find out whether these are sung, how they are sung and what the poets wrote about.

Ans: Students, do it yourselves. [Hint: You can look for Kabir’s poem in Hindi textbooks]

Que 12: There are several saint-poets whose names have been mentioned but their works have not been included in the chapter. Find out more about the language in which they composed, whether their compositions were sung, and what their compositions were about.

Ans: Students, do it yourselves. [Hint: You can search internet for the subcontinental Bhakti and Sufi literature of various saints and Sufi masters. Also, you can discuss with your history teacher.]

Ch-7: The Making of Regional Cultures

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1. Match the following: 

Anantavarman Kerala

Jagannatha Bengal

Mahodayapuram Orissa

Lilatilakam Kangra

Mangalakavya Puri

Miniature Kerala

Que 2. What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in that language.

Que 3. Who were the major patrons of Kathak?

Que 4. What are the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?

Let’s discuss

Que 5. Why did minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?

Que 6. Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?

Que 7. Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri? 

Que 8. Why were temples built in Bengal? 

Let’s do 

Que 9. Describe the most important features of the culture of your region, focusing on buildings, performing arts and painting.

Que 10. Do you use different languages for (a) speaking, (b) reading, (c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting. 

Que11. Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any  differences and similarities that you notice. 

Que 12. Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.

Ch-8: Eighteenth Century Political Formations

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1: State whether true or false:

(a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.

(b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore. 

(c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.

(d) Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Ans:

(a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal. False

(b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore. False

(c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. True 

(d) Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century. True

Let’s discuss

Que 2: How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?

Ans: 

1. In the eighteenth century, under a number of able leaders the Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas, and later misls. Their combined forces were known as the grand army (dal khalsa).
2. The entire body met at Amritsar during Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known as “resolutions of the guru (gurmatas)”. 
3. A system called rakhi was also introduced to offer protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 percent of the produce.

Que 3: Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan? the Deccan?

Ans: The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan to receive tribute as a way of accepting Maratha sovereignty and control trade and agriculture. Expansion also brought with it enormous resources.

Que 4: Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?

Ans: During the 18th century merchants were more influential the bankers. They used to provide more than enough loan opportunities at higher interest rates. But now, with the spread of education, people prefer banks which provide loans and other financial helps at cheaper rate. Bankers also provide subsidy on the interest rate. They have different scopes of loans for different purposes. So, they are more influential today than the merchants.

Que 5. Did any of the kingdoms mentioned in this chapter develop in your state? If so, in what ways do you think life in the state would have been different in the  eighteenth century from what it is in the twenty- first century? 

Let’s do

Que 6. Collect popular tales about-rulers from any one of the following groups of people: the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs or Marathas.

Ans: Do yourself.

Geography

Ch-1:Environment

Exercises

Que 1: Answer the following questions.

Que 1(i) What is an ecosystem?

Ans: Ecosystem is the system of the relation between Plants, Animals and Humans .

Que 1(ii) What do you mean by natural environment?

Ans: Land, water, air, plants and animals comprise the natural environment.. 

Que 1(iii) Which are the major components of the environment?

Ans: Major components of the environment include –

• Natural Components: Water (Hydrosphere), Air (Atmosphere), Land (Lithosphere), Living things (Biosphere).
• Human made Components: Buildings, Parks, Bridge, Road, Monuments etc. 
• Humans: Individuals, Family, Community, Religion, Educational, Political Situation, etc. 

Que 1(iv) Give four examples of human made environment.

Ans: Four examples of human made environments are buildings, parks, roads, industries.

Que 1(v) What is lithosphere?

Ans: Lithosphere is the domain that provides us forest, grasslands, land for agriculture and human settlements. It is the sources of minerals.

Que 1(vi) Which are the two major components of biotic environment?

Ans: The two major components of the biotic environment are Plants and Animals.

Que 1(vii) What is biosphere? 

Ans: Plants and animals together make the living world, that is the Biosphere. It is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life.

Que 2: Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which is not a natural ecosystem?

(a) Desert         (b) Aquarium             (c) Forest

Ans: (b) Aquarium

(ii) Which is not a component of  human environment?

(a) Land                   (b) Religion                          (c) Community

Ans: (a) Land 

(iii) Which is a human made environment?

(a) Mountain            (b) Sea.                                (c) Road

Ans: (c) Road

(iv) Which is a threat to environment? 

(a) Growing plant     (b) Growing population       (c) Growing crops

Ans: (b) Growing population 

Que 3:  Match the following. 

(i) Biosphere.                 (a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth

(ii) Atmosphere              (b) domain of water

(iii) Hydrosphere.           (c) gravitational force of the earth

(iv) Environment.           (d) our surroundings

                                        (e) narrow zone where land water and air interact 

                                        (f) relation between the organisms and their surroundings

Ans:

(i) Biosphere.              (e) narrow zone where land water and air interact

(ii) Atmosphere.          (a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth

(iii) Hydrosphere.        (b) domain of water

(iv) Environment.        (d) our surroundings

Que 4: Give reasons.

(i) Man modifies his environment

Ans: Man modifies his environment by these way –

• He makes buildings.
• He cuts the trees for use.
• He clears land for agriculture and houses.

• He grows the crops.
• Makes roads and bridges.

(ii) Plants and animals depend on each other

Ans: Plants and animals depend on each other because:

• Plants provide food to animals.
• Forests provide shelter to wildlife.
• Wildlife adds beauty to forests.
• Animal dung provides manure for the growth of plants.
• Dead bodies of animals provide nutrition to soil which helps to grow plants.

Que 5: Activity–  Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of your ideal environment.

Ans: Draw a picture of good environment in which you like to live.

Ch-2: Inside Our Earth

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(i) What are the three layers of the earth?

(ii) What is a rock?

(iii) Name three types of rocks.

(iv) How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?

(v) What do you mean by a rock cycle?

(vi) What are the uses of rocks?

(vii) What are metamorphic rocks?

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is

(a) Igneous (b) Sedimentary (c) Metamorphic

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is

(a) Crust (b) Core (c) Mantle

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are examples of

(a) Rocks (b) Minerals (c) Fossils

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are

(a) Sedimentary rocks

(b) Metamorphic rocks

(c) Igneous rocks

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth is

(a) Crust (b) Mantle (c) Core

Que 3. Match the following.

(i) Core  (ii) Minerals (iii) Rocks (iv) Clay (v) Sial

(a) Earth’s surface (b) Used for roads and buildings (c) Made of silicon and alumina (d) Has definite chemical composition (e) Innermost layer (f) Changes into slate (g) Process of transformation of the rock

Que 4. Give reasons.

(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.

(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.

Que 5. For fun.

(i) What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?

(ii) Identify some more objects made up of different minerals.

Ch-3: Our Changing Earth 

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Why do the plates move?

(ii) What are exogenic and endogenic forces?

(iii) What is erosion?

(iv) How are flood plains formed?

(v) What are sand dunes?

(vi) How are beaches formed?

(vii) What are ox bow lakes?

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?

(a) Cliff (b) Beach (c) Sea cave

(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is:

(a) Flood plain (b) Beach (c) Moraine

(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?

(a) Volcano (b) Folding (c) Flood plain

(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in:

(a) Deserts (b) River valleys (c) Glaciers

(v) Ox bow lakes are found in:

(a) Glaciers (b) River valleys (c) Deserts

Que 3. Match the following.

(i) Glacier  (ii) Meanders (iii) Beach (iv) Sand dunes (v) Waterfall (vi) Earthquake

(a) Sea shore (b) Mushroom rock (c) River of ice (d) Rivers (e) Vibrations of earth (f) Sea cliff (g) Hard bed rock (h) Deserts

Que 4.Give reasons.

(i) Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom.

(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stacks.

(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquakes.

Que 5. Activity.

Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.

Ch-4: Air

Exercises

Que 1:

(i) What is atmosphere?

Ans: Our earth is surrounded by a huge blanket of air, that is called atmosphere. We all are depend on the atmosphere.

The atmosphere have following layers:

• Troposphere.
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?

Ans: Nitrogen and oxygen make the bulk of the atmosphere.

(iii) Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?

Ans: Carbon dioxide creates the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.

(iv) What is weather ? 

Ans: The conditions of the atmosphere from hour-to-hour and day to day is called weather. It can change from day to night. 

(v) Name three types of rainfall?

Ans: Three types of rainfall are: 

• Convectional rainfall
• Orographic rainfall
• Cyclonic rainfall

(vi) What is air pressure?

Ans: Air pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface.

Que 2: Tick the correct answer.

(1) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?

(a) Carbon dioxide       (b) Nitrogen.      (c) Ozone

Ans: (c) Ozone

(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is

(a) Troposphere        (b) Thermosphere.         (c) Mesosphere

Ans: (a) Troposphere

(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?

(a) Troposphere.        (b) Stratosphere.      (c) Mesosphere

Ans: (b) Stratosphere 

(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure 

(a) Increases.        (b) Decreases.    (c) Remains the same

Ans: (b) Decreases

(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called

(a) Cloud.              (b) Rain.            (c) Snow

Ans: (b) Rain

Que 3: Match the following

(i) Trade Winds (ii) Loo (iii) Monsoon (iv) Wind

(a) Incoming solar energy (b) Seasonal wind (c) Horizontal movement of Air (d) Layer of ozone gas (e) Permanent wind (f) Local wind

Ans 3:

(i) Trade Winds (ii) Loo (iii) Monsoon (iv) Wind

(e) Permanent wind (f) Local wind (b) Seasonal wind (c) Horizontal movement of Air

Que 4: Give reasons.

(i) Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day?

Ans: This happens because on a humid day, there is more water in air than on a sunny day. So, air can not soak water from wet clothes.

(ii) Amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles?

Ans: Because sun rays fall vertically on the equator while leaning on the poles.

Que 5: For fun.

(i) Solve this Crossword puzzle with the help of given clues:

Across	Down
6.  An Indian tree having extraordinary quality of providing oxygen round the clock8. Gas present in atmosphere occupying only 0.03% by volume11. Outermost layer of atmosphere12. Mixture of many gases14. Life giving gas15. Air in motion16. An indian tree valued highly for medicinal properties18. Gas protecting us from harmful sunrays19. Low pressure area	1. Amount of water vapour in air 2. Condensation of water vapours around dust particles in atmosphere 3. Example of local wind blowing in summer in northern india 4.Short term changes in atmosphere 5. Precipitation in liquid form 7. Blanket of air around the earth 9. Instrument to measure pressure10. Incoming solar radiation13. Reduces visibility in winters17. It is……. time when sun is overhead

Ans:.   1.Humidity           2.Cloud           3. Loo                 4.Weather   

            5.Rain                6. Peepal.        7.Atmosphere     8. Carbon dioxide  

           9. Barometer      10. Insolation   11. Exosphere     12. Air  

          13. Fog               14. Oxygen       15. Wind             16. Neem    

          17. Noon             18. Ozone        19. Cyclone

(ii) Make a weather calendar for one week. Use pictures or symbols to show different types of weather. You can use more than one symbol in a day, if the weather changes. For example, the sun comes out when rain stops. An example is given below:

Ans:

Ch-5: Water

Exercises

Que 1:

(i) What is precipitation?

(ii) What is water cycle?

(iii) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves? 

(iv) Which factors affect the movement of ocean water?

(v) What are tides and how are they caused?

(vi) What are ocean currents?

Ans 1:

(i) Precipitation is the deposition of moisture from the atmosphere onto the earth’s surface. This may be in form of rain, hail, frost, fog, sleet or snow. 

(ii) The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

(iii) Factors affecting the height of the waves:

• Speed off wind
• Duration of wind
• Distance the wind blows over water
• Earthquake
• Volcanic Eruption 
• Underwater Landslides.

(iv) Factors affecting the movement of ocean water:

• Temperature
• Earthquake or volcanic eruption
• Gravitational pull of the sun and the moon
• Underwater landslides 
• Rotation of the earth.

(v) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice a day is called a tide. Tides are caused due to the gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface.

(vi) Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions.

Que 2: Give reasons.

(i) Ocean water is salty.

(ii) The quality of water is deterioting.

Ans:

(i) Ocean water is salty because it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt that we eat.

(ii) The quality of water is deteriorating because: 

• Garbage we throw in the river.
• Chemicals polluted water from industries.
• Remains of the harmful insecticides and pest resistant’s flowing in from the fields. 
• Unburnt or half burnt corpses of men and animals thrown in water bodies.

Que 3: Tick the correct answer.

(i) The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between atmosphere and land

(a) Water cycle

(b) Tides

(c) Ocean currents

(ii) Generally the warm ocean currents originate near 

(a) Poles

(b) Equator

(c) None of these

(iii) The rythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called 

(a) Tide

(b) Ocean current

(c) Wave

Ans:

(i) (a) Water cycle

(ii) (b) Equator

(iii) (a) Tide

Que 4: Match the following.

(i) Caspian Sea (ii) Tide  (iii) Tsunami (iv) Ocean currents

(a) Largest lake (b) Periodic rise and fall of water  (c) Strong seismic waves (d) Streams of water moving along definite paths (e) Water cycle

Answer 4:

(i) Caspian Sea (ii) Tide  (iii) Tsunami (iv) Ocean currents

(a) Largest lake (b) Periodic rise and fall of water (c) Strong seismic waves (d) Streams of water moving along definite paths

Ch-6: Human Environment Interactions – The Tropical and the Subtropical Region

Exercises

Que 1: Answer the following questions.

(i) Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located. 

Ans: Amazon Basin is located in South America.

(ii) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin.

Ans: The people of the Amazon Basin mainly grow the following crops: 

• Food crops: Tapica, Pineapple, Sweet potato. 
• Cash crops: Coffee, Miaze, Cocoa.

(iii) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon. 

Ans: The following birds are likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon:

• Toucans
• Hummingbirds
• Macaws 

(iv) What are the major cities located on the River Ganga.

Ans: The major cities located on the River Ganga are as follows:

• Allahabad (Prayagraj)
• Kanpur
• Varanasi
• Lucknow
• Patna
• Kolkata

(v) Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found?

Ans: One-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain.

Que 2: Tick the correct answer.

(i) Toucans are a type of 

(a) birds.         V   (b) animals                (c) crops

(ii) Manioc is the staple food of

(a) Ganga Basin.       (b) Africa.         (c) Amazon

(iii) Kolkata is located on the river

(a) Orange.          (b) Hooghly.            (c) Bhagirathi

(iv) Deodars and firs are a type of 

(a) Coniferous trees.      (b) Deciduous trees.       (c) shrubs

(v) Bengal tiger is found in 

(a) mountains.        (b) delta area.         (c) Amazon

Ans:

(i) (a) birds

(ii) (c) Amazon

(iii) (b) Hooghly

(iv) (a) Coniferous trees

(v) (b) delta area

Que 3: Match the following.

(i) Cotton textile (ii) Maloca (iii) Piranha (iv) Silk worm (v) Kaziranga

(a) Assam (b) Terrace farming (c) Sericulture (d) Slanting roof (e) Ganga plain (f) Varanasi (g) Fish

Ans:

(i) Cotton textile (ii) Maloca (iii) Piranha (iv) Silk worm (v) Kaziranga

(f) Varanasi (d) Slanting roof (g) Fish (c) Sericulture (a) Assam

Que 4: Give reasons.

(i) The rainforests are depleting.

Ans: The rainforests are depleting due to following reasons:

1.  For developmental activities.
2. Farming.

(ii) Paddy is grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.

Ans: 

1. Cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water. 
2. There is a high amount of rainfall. 
3. So paddy is grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.

Que 5: Map skills.

(i) On an outline map of the Indian Sub-continent, draw the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the mouth. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers. 

(ii) On the political map of South America, draw the equator. Mark the countries through which the equator passes.

For fun.

Que 6: Make a collage to show places of attractions in India. You can divide the class in different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance. 

Ans: This is an activity, so do yourself.

Activity.

Que 7: Collect under mentioned material and observe how destruction of trees effect the soil cover.

Material

(i) Three small flowerpots or food cans (e.g., cold drinks tin cans),

(il) one big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a sprinkling can),

(iii) twelve coins or bottle caps

(iv) soil.

Steps

Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil to make it level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with holes and fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden. Now, sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water very slowly so that no soil splashes out. Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the second can. On the third can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that unprotected soil splashes out. Where the ‘rain’ is heavy the amount of soil that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear. 

Ans: Do yourself under the guidance of parents/teachers.

Additional Questions

Que 1: Name the food crops which are grown in the Ganga-Brahmputra basin?

Answer : 

• Rice.
• Wheat.
• Maize.
• Sorghum.
• Gram and
• Millets.

Que 2: Name the tributaries of the river Ganga?

Ans: The Ghaghra 

The Son

The Chambal

The Gandak

The Kosi

Que 3: Between which latitudes does the Ganga-Brahmputra basin lie?

Ans: The Ganga-Brahmputra basin lie in the sub-tropical region that is situated between 10°N and 30 °N latitudes.

Que 4: What work do men and women perform in the rain-forest? 

Ans: Men hunt and fish along the rivers, while women take care of the crops.

Que 5: What are bromeliads?

Ans: Bromeliads are special plants that store water in their leaves.

Que 6: Name two plants parasites found in equatorial region? 

Ans:

 Orchids. 

 Bromeliads.

Que 7: Which type of vegetation is found in equatorial region? Why? 

Ans: Thick forests grow in the equatorial region because it rains heavily in this region.

Que 8: What is catchment area or river basin?

Ans: The main river along with all its tributaries that drain an area form a river basin or the catchment area.

Que 9: What are tributaries?

Ans: The small rivers that join the main river are called tributaries.

Ch-7: Life in The Deserts

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(a) What are the two types of deserts found in the world?

(b) In which continent is the Sahara desert located?

(c) What are the climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert?

(d) What mainly attracts tourists to Ladakh?

(e) What type of clothes the people of the Sahara desert wear?

(f) Name the trees that grow in Ladakh.

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

 (i) Sahara is located in which part of Africa

(a) eastern (b) northern (c) western

(ii) Sahara is what type of desert

(a) cold (b) hot (c) mild

(iii) The Ladakh desert is mainly inhabited by

(a) Christians and Muslims

(b) Buddhists and Muslims

(c) Christians and Buddhists

(iv) Deserts are characterised by

(a) scanty vegetation

(b) heavy precipitation

(c) low evaporation

(v) Hemis in the Ladakh is a famous

(a) temple (b) church (c) monastery

(vi) Egypt is famous for growing

(a) wheat (b) maize (c) cotton

Que 3. Match the following.

(i) Oasis  (ii) Bedouins (iii) Oil  (iv) Gangri  (v) Lamayuru

(a) Libya (b) monastery (c) glacier (d) depressions with water (e) cold desert (f) Sahara

4. Give reasons.

(i) There is scanty vegetation in the deserts.

(ii) People of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes.

5. Map skills.

(i) On the outline map of Africa, mark the Sahara desert and any four countries

around it.

(ii) On the outline map of India, mark the Karakoram Range, Zanskar Range,

Ladakh and Zoji La pass.

Social and Political Life

 Ch-1: On Equality

Exercises

Que 1: In a democracy why is universal adult franchise important? 

Ans : In a democracy, universal adult franchise is important because of the following reasons: 

1. It is based on the idea of equality.
2. It is an essential condition of democracy.
3. A government elected by universal adult vote is valid.
4. If everyone does not have the right to vote, then it will not be a democratic government.
5. It allows every adult to vote, regardless of caste, creed, religion, region, gender, rich or poor.

Que 2: Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality?

Ans : Article 15 of the Constitution contains two methods that remove inequality:

1. The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
2. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to the use of any shops, hotels, wells, tanks, roads, etc.

Que 3: In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?

Ans: Omprakash Valmiki was not allowed to attend school because of his caste. He was brought up with a broom in the playground. Similarly, people refused to rent out their house to the Ansari couple because of their religion.

Que 4: What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?

Ans: It means that every individual in the country, including male and female, belonging to any caste, religion, tribes, educational and economic background are treated as equal.

I think equality is very important for democracy. Because equality is an essential condition of democracy. If people are discriminated on the basis of caste, creed, religion, sex, property etc., then democracy will not survive.

Que 5: According to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps.

      Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible for him? How would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety? 

Ans : No, the above law is not being implemented in this case.

• According to this act, ramps should be made for persons with disabilities in all public places. While this is not the case in the picture.
• His self-respect has been hurt by lifting him like this. He may feel inferior.
• Lifting like this keeps the possibility of any accident.

Ch-2: Role of the Government in Health 

Exercises

Que 1. In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.

Ans: 

Que 2. What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.

Ans: 

Que 3. What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.

Facility	Affordability	Availability	Quality
Private
Public

Ans: 

Que 4. ‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.’ Explain with the help of examples.

Ans: 

Ch-3: How the State Government Works

Exercises

Que 1: Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected? 

Ans: A representative is elected by the people from each constituency, who is called an MLA.

An MLA is called a member of the Legislative Assembly.

MLA’s election:

MLA are elected by the people. Many candidates contest elections from each constituency. The candidate who gets the most votes becomes the MLA.

Que 2: How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.

Ans:

1. The party who wins the election is called the ruling party.
2. MLAs of the ruling party elect their leader who becomes the Chief Minister.
3. After this the Chief Minister makes some MLAs ministers.
4. The governor appoints the chief minister and other ministers.

Que 3: Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?

Ans: The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers should be debated in the Legislative Assembly because:

1. MLAs give their suggestions on the decisions taken by the government.
2. Proposals for changes are made by the legislators.
3. Members oppose the wrong decision of Ministers.
4. There is a debate on the misuse of money.
5. MLAs can ask questions to the Ministers on important issues.

Que 4: What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/action was taken by the following? Fill in the table.

Public meeting
Legislative Assembly
Press conference
Chief Minister

Ans: There was a lack of water in Patalpuram. Rivers and lakes dried up. Water was supplied to the people once every three days. Under compulsion, people had to drink dirty water. Many people fell ill. The district hospital was overcrowded with patients and ten people had lost their lives.

Public meeting	The people organized a public meeting in which they raised their voice against the government. They demanded that the authorities should take immediate steps to deal with this situation and supply of clean drinking water should be made.
Legislative Assembly	This subject was debated in the assembly. Some MLAs appealed to the Health Minister to take necessary steps. Some MLAs raised the question of the deteriorating condition of the hospitals.
Press conference	Many newspapers published the problems of Patalpuram. Later the health minister held a press conference in which he announced, his government has directed all collectors and chief medical officers to take immediate action to bring the situation under control.
Chief Minister	The Chief Minister visited Patalpuram. He visited families who had lost their relatives. He also went to the hospital to see sick people. He announced compensation for these families.

Que 5: What is the difference between the work that MLAS do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments? 

Ans: The members of the Legislative Assembly debate or discuss various issues. They put pressure on the ministers concerned to work. Whereas government departments solve those issues and problems. They are responsible for this.

Ch-4:Growing up as Boys and Girls

Que 1. Are the statements given alongside true or false? Support your answer with the use of an example.

Que 2. Housework is invisible and unpaid work. Housework is physically demanding. Housework is time consuming. Write in your own words what is meant by the terms

‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’, and ‘time consuming’? Give one example of each based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.

Que 3. Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another for girls. If there is a difference between the two lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does this have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?

Que 4. If you have someone working as a domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more about her life – Who are her family members? Where is her home? How many hours does she work? How much does she get paid? Write a small story based on these details.

Ch-5: Women Change the World

Que 1. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s right to equality?

Que 2. List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya.

Que 3. “Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education.” Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 and explain why this statement is not true.

Que 4. Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues? If you had to organise a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?

Ch-6:Understanding Media

Que 1. In what ways does the media play an important role in a democracy?

Que 2. Can you give this diagram a title? What do you understand about the link between media and big business from this diagram?

Que 3. You have read about the ways in which the media ‘sets the agenda’. What kind of effect does this have in a democracy? Provide two examples to support your point of view.

Que 4. As a class project, decide to focus on a particular news topic and cut out stories from different newspapers on this. Also watch the coverage of this topic on TV news. Compare two newspapers and write down the similarity and differences in their reports. It might help to ask the following questions–

a. What information is this article providing?

b. What information is it leaving out?

c. From whose point of view is the article being written?

d. Whose point of view is being left out and why?

Que 5. Do projects (solo, pair or group) about types of advertisements. Create commercial advertisements about some products and social advertisements about public health, road safety and the need to save water and energy.

Ch-7: Market around us

Exercises

Que 1: In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner? 

Ans: A hawker sells different items of daily use like vegetables, fruits, etc. by going from place to place asking people to buy them. He does not own a fixed shop. He brings goods on his ‘thela’, sells them and returns back to his house. But a shop owner owns a permanent shop either in the neighborhood or in the market. He does not go door to door to sell different items. Instead, customers come to his shop to purchase the items of their need.

Que 2: Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping complex on the following:

Market	Kind of goods sold	Prices of goods	Sellers	Buyers
Weekly market
Shopping complex

Ans:

Market	Kind of goods sold	Prices of goods	Sellers	Buyers
Weekly market	Vegetables, groceries, cloth items, utensils	Cheaper Rates	Unfixed Shops	Nearby people
Shopping complex	Branded and non-branded	Expensive Rates	Fixed Shops	Rich people

Que 3: Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose does it serve?

Ans: A chain of markets is formed starting from wholesale markets to retail shop owners who sell directly to the consumers. In between wholesale markets and retailers there are medium and big traders. For example, a hawker or retailer purchases plastic items from a wholesale-trader in the town. The town wholesaler, in turn, buys from a bigger wholesale trader in the city. The city wholesale trader buys a large quantity of plastic items directly from the factory and stores them in their godown. Thus, a chain of market is formed.

       A chain of market serves the purpose of producer and consumers. Because neither a producer can sell a small quantity of goods to an individual consumer nor an individual consumer can buy large quantity of goods from producers. So, wholesale traders, retailers, etc. are required to link the producers and consumers

Que 4: ‘All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a marketplace.’ Do you think this is true of shops with expensive products? Explain with examples.

Ans: All persons have equal rights to visit any shop of their choice in a marketplace. It does not matter whether the shop is expensive with expensive items or an ordinary shop selling cheap items. We are free to visit any shop and see different products and buy if the price suits our pockets. We can explain this point through an example. Kavita and Sujata went to Anzal Mall. They entered a shop that was selling branded ready-made clothes. They looked at some of the dresses and then looked at the price tag. None of them was less than 2000, almost five times the weekly market price. The price did not suit their pockets. Hence they went to another shop.

Que 5: ‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace.’ Explain this statement with the help of examples. 

Ans:’Buying and selling can take place without going to a market place.” This statement is true at present scenario of new trend in marketing. Technology has changed the traditional concept of marketing by manual presence in the marketing to buy and sell anything. Now-a-days, it is not necessary to go to the market to purchase goods. Anyone can place orders for a variety of things through the phone or the Internet and the goods are delivered at the home or place where needed. In clinics and nursing homes we see now-a-days, sales representatives waiting for doctors or taking orders at shops for different goods or medicine.

Thus buying and selling takes place in different ways, not necessarily through shops in the market.

Ch-8: A Shirt in the Market

Que 1. What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kurnool cotton market?

Que 2. Describe the conditions of employment as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do you think the workers get a fair deal?

Que 3. Think of something common that we use. It could be sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of the people that help in the production or trade?

Que 4. Arrange the statements given alongside in the correct order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls accordingly. The first two have already been done for you.