10 Social Science - NCERT Solutions And CBSE Exam Help

The credit for the unification of Italy is given to Cavour.
Cavour was made Prime Minister of Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II.
It was neither revolutionary nor did he believe in democracy.
He led the movement to unify the territories of Italy.
With the clever diplomacy of Cavour, he made an important contribution to the unification of Italy by capturing the northern states.

(c) The Greek war of independence :- From the 15th century, Greece was under the Ottoman Empire. But by the 19th century the feeling of nationalism had spread throughout Europe. In 1821, the struggle for independence also started in Greece. In this struggle, he got the support of the people of Europe. This struggle lasted for a long time and finally Greece was recognized as an independent nation according to the Treaty of Kustuntunia of 1832.

(d) Frankfurt Parliament:- In 1848 AD, the wave of nationalism started in Germany. 831 elected representatives took out a procession on May 18, 1848. They held a parliament in Frankfurt. In this, a constitution was drafted for a German nation. The presidency of this nation was entrusted to a king who was to be subject to the parliament. When delegates offered to crown King Frederick William IV of Prussia. But he rejected it and sided with the kings who were opposed to the elected assembly. His soldiers crushed the revolutionaries, which led to the dissolution of this parliament.

(e) Role of women in nationalist struggles:- Women actively participated in nationalist struggles. Women set up separate organizations. He started his own newspapers. He actively participated in political meetings and exhibitions yet was denied the right to vote. Even in the assembly of Frankfurt Parliament in St. Paul’s Church, women were made mere spectators and made them stand in the audience gallery.

Que 2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Ans:- The revolutionaries took the following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.

The idea of joint community was emphasized.
The new tricolor flag of France was chosen.
Formed an assembly elected by the citizens, which was named the National Assembly.
New oaths were taken in the name of the nation and martyrs were glorified.
A central administrative system was introduced.
Uniform laws were made for all citizens.
Internal import-export duties were abolished.
A similar system of measurement was implemented throughout France.
French language was given the status of a national language.

Que 3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Ans:- Marianne:- Marianne was the symbol of the nation of France. It was a popular Christian name. That is why the symbol of independence in France was given the same name. Shown in this image with a red cap, tricolor and crest.

Germania:- It was the female allegory of the German nation. It crowns the leaves of the oak tree. Image of Germania guarding the Rhine River with sword in hand. Germania is a symbol of nationalism and patriotism with virtues.

They had the following importance:

Women symbols were used to express ideas like freedom, justice and republic.
These statues were placed in public squares so that the public would remember the national symbol of unity.
A similar image became a symbol of national unity.

Que 4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Answer:-

(i) First Phase: In 1848 AD, the wave of nationalism started in Germany. 831 elected representatives took out a procession on May 18, 1848. He held a parliament in Frankfurt. In this, a constitution was drafted for a German nation. The presidency of this nation was entrusted to a king who was to be subject to the parliament. When delegates offered to crown King Frederick William IV of Prussia. But the emperor rejected it for fear of Austria. His soldiers crushed the revolutionaries.

(ii) Second phase :– After the failure of the revolution, the unification of Germany began with military power and diplomacy, which was led by Bismarck. Bismarck waged three wars with Denmark under the policy of ‘blood and iron’ and won the area of Schleswig.

(iii) Third phase: – After that there was war with Austria in 1866. After the victory in this war, many territories were annexed to Germany.

(iv) Fourth Phase:- Third war with France took place in 1870 in which France was defeated. Thus Germany was unified and William I of Prussia was made Emperor of Germany.

Que 5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him ?

Ans :- In order to make the governance system more efficient in the areas under his rule, Napoleon made many changes which are known as the Civil Code of 1804.

Abolished the privileges obtained on the basis of birth.
All were equal before the law.
Right to property was made safe.
Feudal system was abolished.
abolished all the taxes of the farmers.
The control of the guilds of artisans in the cities was removed.
Transport and communication systems were improved.
Bank of France was established for the purpose of economic reforms.
Uniform tax system was introduced.
Patriots were honored.
He made the law of punishment stricter.
Established the University of France for the advancement of education.
Made Catholicism the state religion.

Discuss

Que 1. What is meant by the Revolution of 1848 of the Liberals? What political, social and economic ideas did the liberals promote?

Ans:- The Revolution of February 1848 by the liberals forced the French ruler Louis Philippe to leave his rule. Political, social and economic reforms got a boost after this revolution.

political development

The republic was declared by ending the monarchy.
All men got the right to vote.
The creation of representative assemblies elected by the people began.
Press freedom was emphasized.

changes in the social sphere

Feminism began to be promoted.
The participation of the middle class started increasing.
Women started forming their own organizations.
The superiority of the aristocracy began to decline.

changes in the economic sphere

Bonded labour was abolished.
Freed the markets from the control of the states.
Duty barriers removed.
The number of currencies was reduced to two which were earlier than thirty.

Que 2. Give three examples to show the contribution of culture in the development of nationalism in Europe.

Ans:- Cultural heritage played an important role in the formation of nationalism in Europe. The following are three examples of this:-

Romantic artists and poets played an important role in the formation of nationalism. Romantic artists and poets brought insight and mystic sentiments to the nation.
Music and language contributed to the development of nationalism. Poland is an example of this. There the national spirit was developed through music and language.
Painting is the third example of the contribution of culture in the development of national spirit. Paintings made by European painters began to stir up nationalist sentiment.

Que 3. Focusing on any two countries, explain how nations developed in the nineteenth century.

Ans:- In the 19th century, the feeling of nationalism had developed in almost all of Europe, due to which national states emerged. Two examples of this are Italy and Belgium.

Italy: Italy was divided into many small states. The most powerful of these was the Kingdom of Sardinia. Its prime minister was Cavour. There were many revolutionary rebellions in Italy which resulted in some political reforms there. But the credit for the real success of Italy goes to Cavour. In 1859, Cavour took control of Lombardy by fighting with Austria and annexed it to Sardinia. After this, in 1860, Tuscany, Madonna, Parma and the papal kingdoms in the north automatically merged with Sardinia. Around the same time (in 1860 AD), the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples also joined Sardinia with the efforts of Garibaldi. In 1866, the territory of Venetia was annexed to Sardinia after Bismarck’s support in the Austro-Prussian War. Sardinia occupied Rome when France vacated Rome during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. In this way the Italian nation was formed, but after the unification in Italy, the monarchy was established because the need for this was felt there now.

Belgium: Belgium was merged with Holland by the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 AD. But there were Catholic supporters in Belgium and Protestant supporters in Holland. The ruler of Holland also considered the Hollandians to be superior to the Belgians. He announced the teaching of Protestantism throughout Belgium. All political posts were given to the people of Holland only. The Belgians strongly opposed this. England supported him in this rebellion. Due to which Belgium had to be independent in 1830. After this, a law system like England was established here.

Que 4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain different from that of the rest of Europe?

Ans:- (i) The formation of nation state in Britain was not due to any revolution like other nations of Europe.
(ii) It was a long process in which the feeling of nationalism developed.
(iii) Britain was not a nation before the eighteenth century. Rather there were many ethnic groups which had their own cultural and political heritage.
(iv) The main groups were the English, Welsh, Scots or Irish.
(v) After some time, the Anglo nation established its influence on other island groups on the strength of its wealth and power.
(vi) Gradually the British put an end to the cultural traditions of other groups and the nation of Great Britain was formed which had its own emblem, British flag and national anthem.

Que 5. Why did nationalist tension develop in the Balkan regions?

Ans :- The following were the reasons for the rise of nationalist tension in the Balkan regions:-
(i) There was geographical and ethnic variation in the Balkan region. The inhabitants of this region were commonly called Slavs.
(ii) Most of the Balkan region was under the Ottoman Empire.
(iii) With the ideas of Romantic nationalism, freedom struggles started here.
(iv) The Balkan people made nationalism the basis for independence or political rights.
(v) Various national groups tried to define their identity and independence.
Thus nationalist tension started to flourish here.

Ch 2: Nationalism in India

Exercise solution

Q.1. Explain:

(a). Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?

Ans:-

The spirit of nationalism is deeply associated with the anti-colonial movement.
Colonial rulers committed a lot of atrocities on the people.
Due to the spirit of nationalism, mutual unity among the people started increasing.
People began to understand the importance of mutual unity in the struggle against the rulers.
The objectives of both the nationalism and the anti-colonial movement were similar.
Hence the process of rise of nationalism is linked to the anti-colonial movement.

(b). How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India? OR

Explain any four facts to show how did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India. [CBSE March 2011]

Ans:- The First World War contributed to the development of the national movement in India:
Defense expenditure had increased greatly due to the First World War.
The British increased the taxes to compensate for this expenditure.
The British made India a party in the war without asking the recruits.
The British forcibly recruited Indians into the army, which caused widespread anger among the public.
1918-21 There were many deaths due to famine and drought which caused great anger among the public.

(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act ?

Ans:- The reasons for the opposition of the Indians to the Rowlatt Act were the following –

This act was known as a black law.
Under this law, any person could be put in jail without trial.
This law was passed hastily without the approval of the Indians.
This law was brought with the aim of suppressing the national movements.
Both the Congress and the Muslim League were against it.

(d) Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Ans:- Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the reasons as mentioned below :

In February 1922, a peaceful procession was taken out from the Chauri-Chaura market in Gorakhpur district.
The procession turned violent after clashes with the police.
After this, the agitators set the police post on fire.
In which 22 policemen were burnt alive.
Hurt by this incident, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922.

Q.2. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?

Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji. [CBSE 2014]

Ans:-

The idea of satyagraha means insisting on the power of truth.
Gandhiji laid emphasis on the search for truth.
This means that no physical force is needed to fight against injustice if your objective is true.
A Satyagrahi can be successful in his struggle only on the strength of non-violence.

Q.3. Write a newspaper report on :

(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission

Ans:- (a) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

The massacre took place on April 13, 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh. On this day people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to attend the Baisakhi fair. Some people had gathered to protest against the Rowlatt Act implemented by the government. People did not know that martial law has been implemented in this area. Suddenly General Dyer got the main gates of the garden closed. He ordered to shoot at the unarmed people without warning. Hundreds of people were killed in this shelling. As soon as people came to know about this incident, anger and resentment against the government flared up in them.

Ans:- (b) Simon Commission

In 1928, Birtish government sent a seven-member commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to India. The main work of this commission was to suggest the constitutional system in India. There was not a single Indian member in this commission. There was no mention of giving Swaraj to the recruits in the sections of the commission. Hence the opposition to the commission has started. Slogans of ‘Go back Simon’ were raised in protest. Congress and Muslim League opposed it. The anti-Simon protest was led by Lala Lajpat Rai.

Q.4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Answer: Comparison of the image of Bharat Mata and image of Germania-

image of Bharat Mata

image of Germania

1. The image of Bharat Mata has a garland in one hand, a book in one hand, food in one and cloth in one.
2. She is depicted as a sanyasini in the second image of Bharat Mata.
3. She is standing between the elephant and the lion. Both these animals are symbols of power and authority.
4. It has a trident in one hand, on which the flag is waving.
5. This image was created by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905.

1. The image of Germania holds a sword in her hand.
2. The image of Germany is depicted in Raudra.
3.Germany is a symbol of nationalism and patriotism with virtues.
4. Standing guarding Germany on the Rhine River.
5. This image was created by the painter Philip Waite in 1848.

Q.1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921.Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Answer: List of all social groups that joined the non-cooperation movement in 1921- urban middle class, business class, working class, peasant class, tribal class, plantation working class, capitalist class.

The following are the hopes and struggles of these classes due to which they joined the movement.
1. Urban middle class– The urban middle class had hopes that after the movement, discrimination against them would stop. Because Britishers with same ranks were paid more. So they actively participated in the movement. Thousands of students dropped out of schools and colleges. The teachers resigned. The lawyers stopped fighting the case.
2. Farmers– The peasant class (farmers) hoped that their Lagaan would be reduced, forced labor would end and the tyranny of the landlords would end. The peasantry also actively participated in the movement, they stopped paying rent, the lands were distributed among the poor, the grain warehouses were occupied and the markets were robbed.
3 Plantation working class – This class hoped that they would be driven out of the boundary wall, they would have the freedom to meet their villagers. With these hopes he too jumped into the movement. They started disobeying the orders of the officers. Leaving the garden and going home.

Q.2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Salt march appeared as a powerful symbol to Gandhiji to unite the country as salt was used both by rich and poor. It was an integral part of the diet, so Gandhiji got the general public involved in the movement by opposing the tax on salt. People actively participated in Dandi March to break the salt law. Therefore, salt proved to be an effective symbol for the movement against colonialism.

Q.3.Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

‘Women played a very important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement.’ Explain.

Answer:

1. As a woman I am proud to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
2. I took part in Dandi March.
3. I broke the salt law by making salt.
4. Boycott foreign clothes and alcohol.
5. I worked side by side with the men in the movement.

Q.4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? [CBSE2015]

Answer: Political leaders were divided on the question of separate electorates due to the following reasons-

Separate electoral system was the provision of casting religion and caste votes. That means, a person of one religion would vote only for the person of his religion.
The British created separate constituencies to divide India. That’s why Congress opposed it.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was in favor of separate electorates. He said that by doing so, Dalits would get representation in politics.
The Muslim League also supported it. Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted seats reserved for Muslims according to the

Ch 3: The Making of a Global World

Que 1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

Ans:- (i) Silk from China

(ii) Cereals and minerals from America.

Que 2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Answer: The global spread of diseases in the pre-modern world helped in the colonization of American territories in the following ways.

1. By the 16th century, the Portuguese and Spanish people started colonizing America.

2. They did this work not with conventional weapons but with the attack of germs like smallpox.

3. People did not have immunity to fight this disease.

4. While the people of the European army had developed immunity to fight this disease.

5. This disease had spread throughout the American continent.

6. It made the job of the European army very easy.

Que 3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:

a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.

d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.

e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

Ans :-

(a) After the end of the Corn Law, food items were imported into Britain at very low prices. The cost of these items was much less than the local food items there. As a result the condition of the farmers there started deteriorating. They could not compete with the goods coming from outside. Due to which thousands of people became unemployed. The villages of the village were destroyed.

(b)

1. A disease called rinderpest spread to the African continent around 1890.
2. It was a disease spreading like plague in animals.
3. This adversely affected the livelihood of the people and the local economy.

(c)

1. This world war was fought on the strength of machine guns, tanks, airplanes and chemical weapons.
2. In this war about 90 lakh people were killed and 2 crore people were injured.
3. Most of these people were of working age.
4. Due to this great war, the number of people working in Europe decreased significantly.
5. In such a situation the women of the family had to come forward to work.

(d)

1. The Great Depression had a very bad effect on the Indian economy.
2. Between 1928 and 1934, the country’s imports and exports were reduced to almost half.
3. The prices of commodities in the international market had come down considerably.
4. India’s wheat price had fallen by 50%.
5. The export of gunny bags made of jute was stopped.
6. Most of the people were unable to repay the loan.

(e)

1. MNCs decided to shift their production to Asian countries.
2. Because now developing countries could also take loans from international institutions.
3. Most of the governments started levying heavy import duty on the things coming from outside.
4. Therefore, multinational companies started setting up their factories in the same countries where they wanted to sell their goods.
5. Cheap labor was available in Asian countries, so companies started shifting their factories to Asia.

Que 4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Ans:- (i) There was a lot of improvement in the means of transport and transport. Faster trains were made. The size of the ships was increased. Due to which the availability of food products started increasing.

(ii) Earlier meat was not exported from America to Europe. At that time only live animals were sent, which were taken to Europe and slaughtered. But live animals used to occupy a lot of space. Many used to die in long journeys. Many lost weight or were unable to eat. So eating meat was an expensive deal. This situation changed with the advent of new technology. The technology of refrigeration was established in ships, so that perishable things were also carried on long voyages. could go. Now instead of animals from America, Australia, New Zealand everywhere, their meat started being sent to Europe.

Que 5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

Ans:- The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed in July 1944 at a place called Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. Its main objective was to maintain economic stability and full employment in the industrialized world. Under this agreement, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) were formed.

The function of these institutions was to deal with gains and losses in foreign trade of member countries.

Discuss

Que 6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.

Ans:- Let’s say I am an indentured laborer working in the Caribbean region. I wrote a letter to my father describing my situation and my feelings

Dear Father,

First you touch the feet. I’m fine here. I hope you are all fine too. The conditions here are not good. I was inadvertently forced to sign the contract. According to which I cannot even come to meet you for a few days in between.

I am treated badly here. No one is here to listen to complaints. I am not even being given good food here. I want to come back to my home. At the moment I am sending you some money. This money is less because last few days I could not work due to ill due to which my money got deducted and I got less salary. Reply to letter quickly. Don’t worry more.

your son

_____

Que 7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Ans:- There were three types of movements or flows in international economic exchanges.

1. Flow of goods:- First of all, goods started flowing in international economic exchanges. One country started trading in cloth, food and food items in other countries.

2. Flow of Labour:- The second international flow was that of labour. People either themselves started going to other countries in search of work or were made slaves and sent to other countries.

3. Flow of Capital:- The third flow was of capital. The international flow of capital started in the form of debt and investment.

Examples of three flows from India-

Examples of flow of goods are found in India since ancient times. Spices, cotton etc. from India used to go abroad and clothes and other things came from there.
Many workers from India went to work abroad.
Many countries invested capital in India. The British opened many companies and established railways.

Que 8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

Answer:- Economic Great Depression started in 1929. Following were the main reasons for this recession.

Due to the high production in the agricultural sector, the prices of agricultural products started falling continuously. The income of the farmers started declining due to falling prices. They started producing more to increase their income. This caused prices to fall further. In the absence of buyers, agricultural produce was lying lying and rotting.
1920s Many countries met their needs by taking loans from America. As the situation worsened, America asked everyone to pay the debt. The countries that were most dependent on American debt faced a deep crisis.
The return of American capital had an impact on the whole world. Big banks in Europe collapsed. The value of currency of many countries fell badly. This did not save the British pound either.
America doubled the import duty to avoid this Great Depression. Due to this foreign trade came to a standstill.
US banks stopped lending domestically. This destroyed local trade.

Que 9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Ans:- G-77 was a group of developing countries that became independent after the Second World War but they did not benefit from the rapid progress of western economies in the 50s and 60s. For the progress of his economy, he raised his voice for a new international economic system and formed his own organization which was named as G-77.

The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are considered to be the twin children of Bretton Woods. Both these institutions worked only in the interest of the developed countries. It did not benefit the developing countries. In response, developing countries formed the G-77 organization.

Ch 4: The Age of Industrialization

Exercise

Que 1. Explain the following

(a) Women workers of Britain attacked Spinning Jenny machines.

Ans (a)

(i) The Spinning Jenny Machine was made by James Hargreaves in 1764 AD.

(ii) With this machine, a single laborer can spin many spindles easily.

(iii) The demand for laborers started decreasing.

(iv) Due to this machine women workers became unemployed.

(v) That’s why the women workers attacked the spinning jenny machines.

(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants in European cities made farmers and artisans work in the villages.

Ans:(b)

(i) The merchants started moving towards the villages.

(ii) They used to give money to farmers to grow the crops accordingly.

(iii) At that time the demand for things started increasing in the world.

(iv) To complete this demand, production could not be increased from cities alone.

(v) The new traders could not do business in the cities. So they started going towards the villages.

(c) Surat port was marginalized by the end of the eighteenth century.

Ans:(c)

By the 1750s the network controlled by Indian merchants had broken down.
European companies obtained various concessions in trade from the local kings.
After that they acquired monopoly rights over the trade.
The power of European companies was increasing.
They started developing the Mumbai port under their control.
This led to a dramatic reduction in exports from ports like Surat and these ports became vulnerable.
In the last years of the 17th century, the total value of trade from Surat port was Rs 1.6 crore.
By the 1740s, it had fallen to only Rs 30 lakh.
Thus by the end of the 18th century the port of Surat was marginalised.

(d) The East India Company had appointed Gumashtas to keep a watch on the weavers in India.

Ans:(d)

Till 1760-65, Indian weavers used to sell their goods at high bids.
But after the war of 1764, when the political power of the East India Company was established.
The company wanted to establish a monopoly on trade.
The company imposed restrictions on the weavers that they could not sell their goods elsewhere.
To supervise these weavers, the company appointed salaried workers called Gumasta.

Que 2. Write True or False against each of the statements

(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 percent of the total labor force of Europe was working in the technologically developed industrial sector.

(b) India dominated the international market for fine cloth till the eighteenth century.

(c) India’s cotton exports declined as a result of the American Civil War.

(d) The introduction of fly shuttle improved the productivity of handloom workers.

Ans: (a) Wrong

(b) correct

(d) Correct.

Que 3. Give the meaning of Adi-industrialisation.

Ansr: – Even before the establishment of factories in England and Europe, large scale industrial production for the international market had started. This was not done in production factories. This production increased with the expansion of traditional trade in the villages. Many historians refer to this phase of industrialization as pre-industrialisation.

discuss

Que 1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer manual workers over machines?

Ans: The following were the reasons for giving preference to manual workers in 19th century Europe by some industrialists.

There was no dearth of human labor in Britain at that time. Hence laborers were available at low wages. Therefore, industrialists employed manual workers instead of machines.
In many industries, the demand kept on increasing and decreasing depending on the season, where industrialists preferred to hire laborers instead of machines.
Many products could only be made by hand. There was often a great demand in the market for things of fine designs and special shapes. To make them, not machines but human skill was needed.
The elite people of the upper class gave importance to things made by hand. Hand made things were considered a symbol of sophistication and elegance. They were made one by one and their design was also good.

Que 2. What did the East India Company do to ensure regular supply of cotton and silk cloth from Indian weavers?

Ans:- The East India Company took the following steps to ensure regular supply of cotton and silk cloth from Indian weavers.

The company introduced a new system of management and control to eliminate competition.
The company tried to eliminate traders and brokers operating in the textile trade.
The company deployed salaried workers known as ‘gumashtas’ to oversee the weavers.
The weavers who sold the company’s goods were banned from doing business with other buyers.
Started giving loans to weavers. The weavers who used to take loans had to give their own cloth to the Gumashta.

Que 3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for the Encyclopaedia about Britain and the history of cotton. Write your article on the basis of the information given in this chapter.

Ans:-

Cotton was a symbol of the industrial age. In the late nineteenth century there was a huge increase in the production of cotton.
In 1760 Britain used to import 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton for industries.
In 1787 this import increased to 220 million pounds.
This increase in imports was due to many changes in the process of production.
The 18th century saw a number of inventions that increased the efficiency of each stage of the production process.
Production per worker increased and stronger threads and fibers were produced than ever before.
After this Richard Arkwright laid out the outline of the cotton textile mill.
Now expensive new machines could be bought and installed in factories.
All the processes in factories were brought under one roof and in the hands of one owner.
Thus the cotton industry was one of the most flourishing industries in Britain.

Que 4. Why did India’s industrial production increase during the First World War?

Ans:-

1. British factories were engaged in war production for the army there. Due to which the import of Manchester goods into India decreased. Indigenous goods started increasing overnight in Indian markets.

2. Indian factories also started making jute sacks for the army, uniform clothes for the soldiers, tents and leather shoes, horse and mule jeans and many other items.

3. New factories are set up. The old factory began to produce in several shifts. Many new laborers got work.

4. Nationalist movements also encouraged the use of indigenous things, which led to an increase in production in Indian industries.

Ch 5: Print Culture and Modern World

Exercise

Que 1. Give reasons for the following

(a) Woodblock print or plank printing came to Europe after 1295.

Ans: Woodblock print or plank printing came to Europe after 1295 AD because

1. In 1295 AD, the great explorer named Marco Polo returned to Italy after searching for many years in China.
2. The technology of woodblock printing already existed in China.
3. Marcopolo brought this knowledge with him.
4. After this the Italians also started taking out books from the printing of the plank and then this technique spread to the rest of Europe.
5. In this way woodblock print or plank printing became possible in Europe only after 1295.

(b) Martin Luther was in favor of printing and praised it openly.

Ans: Martin Luther was a reformer who wrote his 95 establishments criticizing the evils of the Roman Catholic Church. 5,000 copies of his book were sold in a matter of weeks, and a second edition had to be out in three months. He was always in favor of printing because printing helped spread new ideas of the Reformation movement. Praising printing, Luther said, “Printing is the greatest gift of God, the greatest gift”.

(c) The Roman Catholic Church started keeping a list of banned books from the middle of the sixteenth century.

Ans: Nanocchi, an Italian farmer, began to apply new meanings to the Bible on the basis of newly printed books. He created such ideas about God and creation that the Roman Catholic Church was enraged by his behavior. To suppress such anti-religious views, the Roman Church imposed many restrictions on publishers and booksellers and started keeping a list of banned books from 1558 AD.

(d) Mahatma Gandhi said that the fight for Swaraj is actually a fight for expression, press and collectivism.

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi said this because the British government was destroying the freedom of the press. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in 1878. The British government had started keeping a regular watch on the local newspapers. Any report was termed as rebel. That’s why Gandhi said that the fight for Swaraj is actually a fight for expression, press and collectivism.

Que 2. Tell about these in short comment

(a) Gutenberg Press

Ans: Gutenberg made types for all the 26 letters of the Roman alphabet and made such efforts by moving them around to make words. Therefore, it came to be known as ‘Movable Type Printing Machine’. Printing of books has become faster now than the old technology. The Gutenberg Press could print 250 pages in an hour. On the basis of this basic technology, printing continued for the next 300 years.

(b) Erasmus’s views on printed books

Ans: Erasmus was a Catholic reformer. Erasmus was very apprehensive about printing. They feared that printing would reduce the good effects and spread the bad effects. He wrote in his book Edges that books are like buzzing flies, which corner of the world does it not reach? It may be possible to tell a few things worth knowing wherever, but much of it is injurious to scholarship. There is a waste heap because too much of good things are harmful, they should be avoided. Printers are not only filling the world with frivolous books, but also print nonsense, stupid, sensational, anti-religious, ignorant and conspiratorial books, and their number is such that the value of valuable literature is lost.

(c) Vernacular or Indigenous Press Act

Ans: The English Government implemented the Vernacular or Country Press Act in 1878. It was created on the lines of the Iris Press Act. This act gave the British government the right to censor reports and editorials published in the linguistic press. If a report was declared as seditious, the newspaper was given a warning first and if the warning was ignored, the newspaper could be confiscated and printing machines could be snatched. Thus this act was brought to end the freedom of the press.

Que 3. What did the spread of print culture in India mean for them in the nineteenth century?

(a) women

(b) poor people

(c) reformer

Ans:- (a) Women:-

Women’s lives and their feelings began to be written in depth.
Women from middle class homes started studying more than before.
The liberals started teaching women at home.
Many magazines also gave writers a chance to write.
Emphasis was placed on women’s education.
The textbooks printed in magazines were used for school education sitting at home.
Novels, autobiographies, biographies related to women’s life were written.

(b) poor people –

Very cheap books were sold in the Madrasi towns of the nineteenth century which even poor people were able to buy.
Libraries began to open in cities and towns. Some libraries started opening even in affluent villages.
From the end of the nineteenth century, caste discrimination began to be written in books and essays.
Atrocities on workers in factories began to be written.

(c) Reformer –

The spread of print culture in the nineteenth century was made by social reformers as a means of raising their voice.
Jyotiba Phule wrote on the atrocities of the caste system in his book Ghulamgiri.
In the twentieth century, Bhimrao Ambedkar made a strong pen on the caste system.
E.V. in Madras Ramaswamy Nair published popular newspapers in the campaign to weave the dream of a just society.
Kashi Baba, a mill worker of Kanpur, tried to explain the relationship between caste and class exploitation by publishing small and big questions.

Discuss

Que 1. Why did some people in eighteenth-century Europe feel that print culture would lead to the end of absolutism and the Enlightenment?

Ans:-

By the middle of the eighteenth century it had become a common belief that books lead to progress and enlightenment.
Many believed that books could change the world.
Only books will liberate society from authoritarianism.
A French novelist, Louis Sébastien Mercier, declared – “The printing press is the most powerful tool of progress, it will blow away despotism in the storm of public opinion.”
Mercier was convinced of the role of the printing press in destroying absolutism and bringing about the Enlightenment.

Que 2. Why were some people concerned about the accessibility of books? Explain with one example each from Europe and India.

Ans: Some people were concerned about the accessibility of books because they feared that if the printing was not controlled, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts would arise among the people.

For example, the Catholic Church was enraged by Nokia for writing anti-religious views about a farmer in Italy. He was caught twice in the Dharma Adalat and in the end sentenced to death.
Similarly, orthodox Muslims in India believed that women would be spoiled by reading the romantic words of Urdu. On the other hand, traditional Hindus believed that reading books would make girls widows.

Que 3. What was the impact of printing culture on the poor people in India in the nineteenth century?

Ans:-

1. Very cheap books were sold in the Madrasi cities of the nineteenth century which even poor people were able to buy.

2. Libraries began to open in cities and towns. Some libraries started opening even in affluent villages.

3. From the end of the nineteenth century, caste discrimination began to be written in books and essays.

4. Atrocities on workers in factories began to be written.

5. The cotton mill workers of Bangalore built libraries with a view to educate themselves. In this way, the spread of printing culture had a huge impact on the poor people of India too.

Que 4. How did printing culture help in the growth of nationalism in India?

Ans: Post printing culture helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:

(i) Despite the repressive policy of the British, nationalist newspapers continued to spread in every corner of the country.

(ii) These newspapers kept reporting on the misrule of the British.

(iii) He continued to encourage the nationalist forces.

(iv) When the revolutionaries of Punjab were sent black water, Bal Gangadhar Tilak published his Kesari news and people expressed deep sympathy.

(v) Because of this Bal Gangadhar Tilak was imprisoned which was opposed all over India.

(Geography)

Chapter 1: Resources and Development

EXERCISES

Que 1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?

(a) Renewable (b) Biotic (c) Flow. (d) Non-renewable

Ans:- (d) Non-renewable

(ii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

(a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over irrigation (d) Overgrazing

Ans:- (b) Over irrigation

(iii) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?

(a) Punjab (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana. (d) Uttarakhand

Ans:- (d)Uttaranchal

(iv) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?

(a) Jammu and Kashmir. (b) Maharashtra. (c) Rajasthan. (d) Jharkhand

Ans:- (b) Maharashtra

Que 2 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

Ans:- Black soil is found in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Mainly cotton crop is grown on it.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three

main features of this type of soil.

Ans:- Alluvial soil is found on the river deltas of the eastern coast. The following are the three characteristics of alluvial soils:-

Alluvial soils are very fertile.
Most of the alluvial soils are rich in potash, phosphorus and lime which are suitable for sugarcane, rice, wheat and pulse crops.
Due to high fertility, intensive agriculture is done in alluvial soil areas.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

Ans:- The following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas-

Contour plowing should be done on sloping land. This decreases the speed of water flow.
Steps should be made on hill slope land. Steps control soil erosion.
In the western and central Himalayas, steppe or terrace agriculture is very developed.
In hilly areas, strips of grass should be grown along the sides of the fields.
In hilly areas, trees should be made by planting trees in rows on the side of the fields.

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

Ans:- Biotic resources– Bio-resources are all those things in which life is present, such as man, plants, animals, livestock and fish life etc. We get biological resources from the biosphere.

Abiotic resources – All those resources which are made up of non-living things are abiotic resources, such as rocks and metals.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

Answer:- Form of use in India:-

Net sown area- 45.5%.
Forest land- 23.3%.
Land barren and uncultivable land – 5.5 percent.
Under non-agricultural purpose – 8.7 percent.
Other land area – 17 percent.
There has been little increase in the area under forest since 1960-61. There can be following reasons for this.
Deforestation is taking place continuously for the residential land of the increasing population in India.
Trees have been cut for the wood used in the construction of buildings.
Indiscriminate mining is being done to meet the industrial needs, due to which the forest area is decreasing.
Climate change also did not increase the forest area.

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of

resources?

Answer: Due to technology and economic development, the over-consumption of resources has happened as follows-

Economic development forces the exploitation of resources, which leads to their over-exploitation.
The development of technology increases the standard of living of the people. This increases human needs and leads to judicious use of resources.
Due to technological and economic development, new ones for which more mineral resources are consumed as raw material.

Chapter 2: Forest And Wildlife Resources

Exercise

Que 1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?

(a) Agricultural expansion.
(b) Large scale developmental projects.
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.

Ans:- (c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?

(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Ans:- (d) Delimitation of Wildlife Sanctuaries

Que 2. Match the following animals with their category of existence.

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black buck	Extinct
Asiatic elephant	Rare
Andaman wild pig	Endangered
Himalayan brown bear	Vulnerable
Pink head duck	Endemic

Ans:-

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black buck	Endangered
Asiatic elephant	Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig	Endemic
Himalayan brown bear	Rare
Pink head duck	Extinct

Que 3 . Match the following.

Reserved forests	other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities
Protected forests	forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources
Unclassed forests	forest lands are protected from any further depletion

Ans:-

Reserved forests	forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources
Protected forests	forest lands are protected from any further depletion
Unclassed forests	other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Que 4 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

Ans: -Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or the entire Earth. From micro bacteria to banyan tree, elephant and whale, there are millions of types of organisms living on the earth, it is called biodiversity. Biodiversity is important for human life in the following ways:

Human beings are dependent on other organisms for their existence, such as on cereal plants.
Biodiversity is also necessary for the balance of the environment.
Biodiversity provides medicine, food, etc. to human beings.

(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

Ans:- Human activities are the main reason for the decline of natural plant species and animal species.

The expansion of agriculture has been an important factor in the shrinking of forests.
Forests and wildlife were harmed for food, fuel, fodder, rubber, medicines, etc.
Mining activities have also contributed a lot to the destruction of forests.
Forest areas also have to be cleared due to major development projects.
Most of the loss of forests was caused by the laying of railway lines during the colonial period.

Que 5. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife

in India?

Ans:- Various communities in India have contributed to the conservation of forests and wildlife in the following way-

Some local communities are involved in the conservation of wild species in collaboration with government officials.
In the Sariska Tiger Reserve, the people of the villages of Rajasthan are engaged in shutting down the mining operations.
Five villages of Rajasthan’s Alwar district together declared 1200 hectares of land as ‘Bhairondev Dakav Sanctuary’, where hunting has been prohibited by making strict laws and infiltration of outsiders has been banned.
Started ‘Beej Bachao Andolan’ by the farmers of Tehri.
Tried to stop the uncontrolled felling of trees by Chipko movement in the Himalayan region.
In Orissa, institutions were formed at the village level for joint forest management.

(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Ans:- The customs associated with forest and wildlife conservation in India are as follows

Nature worship is centuries old tribal belief
He always protects the clump of sacred trees.
The Munda and Santhal tribes in the Chotanagpur region worship Mahua and Kadamba trees.
The tribes of Orissa and Bihar worship tamarind and mango trees at the time of marriage.
In the society, springs, hill peaks, trees and animals are considered sacred and they are protected.
Herds of blackbuck, chinkara, nilgai and peacock are seen around Bishnoi villages of Rajasthan, which are an integral part of their society.

Ch 3: Water Resources

Exercise

Que-1. Multiple Choice Questions.

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.

(a) Region with high annual rainfall.

(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.

(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.

(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.

Ans:-

not suffering from water scarcity
suffering from water scarcity
suffering from water scarcity
suffering from water scarcity

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multi-purpose river projects?

(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Ans:- Multipurpose projects lead to large scale displacement and loss of livelihood.

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.

Ans:-

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles leads to over-exploitation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers block t the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) During the drought in the Sabarmati basin in Gujarat, distressed farmers revolted over providing more water to urban areas.

(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has reduced despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.

Que 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Ans: Water is a renewable resource. It is renewed by the water cycle. The water cycle is the cyclic process of conversion of water available on Earth from one form to another and the movement of water from one reservoir to another or from one place to another, in which the total amount of water does not decay, only changes in form and location.

(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

Ansr:- When water availability is not enough to fulfill the demand then it is called water scarcity. The main reasons for water scarcity are as follows-

The use of water has increased a lot due to more population.
More irrigation has reduced the availability of water to increase the production of food grains.
Water scarcity has also increased due to unequal distribution of water. In some places there is a flood while in some places there is a drought.
Water scarcity can be observed in less rainfall areas.
There has been a shortage of water due to the continuous fall in the ground water level.
Water pollution from industries has increased shortage of drinking water.

(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

Ans:-

Advantages of multipurpose projects:-

Irrigation is done from that water by making dams on the rivers.
These projects are helpful in preventing floods.
Electricity is produced.
The collected water is used for boating and fishing.

Disadvantages of Multipurpose Projects:-

Building dams on rivers obstructs their natural flow. Due to which the sediment flow is reduced.
Excess sediment accumulates at the bottom of the reservoir making the river bed more rocky.
Due to this, there is a shortage of food for the aquatic organisms living in the river.
Dams divide rivers into pieces, blocking the transfer of aquatic organisms into rivers.
The vegetation and soils are submerged in water from the reservoirs formed in the plains by the dam.
Due to these projects local people have to sacrifice their land, livelihood and resources.

Que 3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Ans:-

In dry areas like Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer of Rajasthan, underground tanks are used for rainwater harvesting.
The size of these tanks is as much as a large room. They are made by digging the soil in the courtyard of the house.
These are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through pipes. Rainwater from the roof passes through these pipes to an underground tank where it was collected.
The water of the first rain is not collected. It cleans roofs and pipes.
The rainwater that followed was collected.

(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

Ans:- In ancient times rain water was collected in houses, in stepwells and in water bodies. Even in modern times, water conservation is being done by adopting these traditional methods.

In many houses in Rajasthan, underground tanks are constructed for rooftop rainwater harvesting. In this rain water is stored and used.
In a village located in the Mysore district of Karnataka, villagers have met their water needs in their homes through rooftop rainwater harvesting systems.
In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old method of collecting water from rivers and springs through bamboo pipes is prevalent.
In arid and semi-arid regions, pits are made to collect rainwater in the fields. This water is used for irrigation. Johad in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan is an example of this.
In the hilly areas, people have installed channels like Gul’ or Kul’ to irrigate the fields by changing the course of the river’s current.
In the flood plains of West Bengal, people used to build flood water channels to irrigate their fields. The same method is adopted in modern times as wel

Ch 4: Agriculture

Exercise

Que 1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single

crop is grown on a large area?

(a) Shifting Agriculture. (b) Plantation Agriculture (c) Horticulture. (d) Intensive Agriculture

Answer:- (b) Plantation agriculture.

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice (b) Gram (c) Millets. (d) Cotton

Answer:- (b) Gram

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses (b) Jawar (c) Millets. (d) Sesamum

Answer:- (a) Pulses.

Que 2 . Answer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

Answer:- Tea is an important beverage crop. The geographical conditions are following :-

The tropical and sub-tropical climate is suitable for the cultivation of tea.
It requires a lot of rainfall.
Grown in sloping areas for easy drainage.
India is the world’s leading tea producer.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

Answer: Wheat is a staple food crop of India. The areas where wheat is grown in India are as follows-

In the north-west the Ganges-Sutlej plains like Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan.
North and North-Eastern plains like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, some part of Bihar.
Black soil region of the Deccan like Madhya Pradesh.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Answer:- The list of institutional reform programs done by the government in the interest of farmers is as follows –

Agricultural land was consolidated.
Helped in the production of high yielding good fertilizers and seeds.
Crop insurance scheme was implemented to protect crops.
Rural banks and cooperative societies were established to provide loans to farmers at low rates.
Kisan Credit Card has been given to the farmers for the expenditure in agriculture.
Special farmer programs were broadcast on radio and TV.
Minimum Support Price for crops was implemented.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?

Answer: – Day by day the land under agriculture is decreasing in India, which can have the following consequences –

Food production will decrease.
Inflation of food items will increase.
Fertilizers will be used more to increase production, which will affect the natural capacity of the land.
Agro-based industries will face shortage of raw materials.

Que 3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

Answer:- Some institutional and technological reforms have been done to increase agricultural production which are as follows

Consolidation – The government consolidated the small farms of the farmers and collected them.
Abolition of Zamindari System– The government ended the Zamindari system which had been going on since ancient times and gave the ownership of land to the landless tenants.
Co-operative Societies– Cooperative institutions were established by the government so that farmers can get loans at low interest rates.
Agricultural Programs:- Agriculture related programs were broadcast on radio and TV.
Green Revolution– Provide high yielding quality fertilizers and seeds by the government, which brought a revolutionary change in the production of agriculture.
Irrigation Projects: Many small and big irrigation projects were started to provide adequate irrigation facilities to the farmers.
Crop Insurance:- Crop insurance scheme was implemented to protect crops from events like drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
Kisan Credit Card:- Government of India has launched ‘Kisan Credit Card’ and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme with interest subsidy.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

Answer:-

(a) The effect of globalization has encouraged the production of spices in southern India.

(b) With globalization, farmers producing cotton started getting markets.

(d) It became easier for farmers to get loans.

(e) Green revolution increased the production of crops.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Answer: Rice is a major food grain crop of India. The following are the suitable geographical conditions for the growth of rice:-

Rice is a kharif crop for which the temperature should be above 25°C to grow.
For this there should be more humidity.
More than 100 cm of rainfall is required.
Alluvial soil is ideal for rice.
Rice is grown during the onset of south-west monsoon winds in June-July and is harvested in autumn.

Ch 5: Minerals and Energy Resources

Exercise

Write in Short

Que 1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by the decomposition of rocks leaving a residual mass of weathered material?

(a) Coal. (b) Bauxite. (c) gold. (d) zinc

Ans:- (b) Bauxite.

(ii) Koderma located in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which of the following minerals?

(a) Bauxite. (b) mica (c) iron ore. (d) copper

Ans:- (b) Mica.

(iii) In which of the following rocks, deposits and accumulation of minerals take place in the strata of the rock?

(a) Sedimentary rocks. (b) Igneous rocks. (c) metamorphic rocks. (d) none of these.

Ans:- (a) Sedimentary rocks.

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is found in monazite sand?

(a) Mineral oil. (b) Uranium. (c) Thorium. (d) Coal.

Ans:- (c) Thorium.

Que 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Differentiate the following in 30 words

(a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

(b) Conventional and non-conventional energy resources

Ans: (a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

Ferrous minerals	Non-Ferrous minerals
(i) Ferrous minerals contain iron. (ii) It helps in infrastructural development of industries. (iii) Examples of iron minerals are iron ore, manganese chromite.	(i) Non-ferrous minerals do not contain iron. (ii) It is essential for mineral refining, engineering and electrical industries. (iii) For example- gold, silver, copper.

(b) Conventional and non-conventional energy resources

Conventional energy resources	Non-Conventional energy resources
1. Energy sources that have been used by man for a long time are conventional energy resources. 2. These sources have limited reserves. 3.These are non-renewable energy sources. 4. Use of these energy resources causes pollution.	1. Man is looking for new sources of energy as an alternative to conventional energy sources, they are non-conventional energy resources. 2. There is an unlimited stock of these sources. 3. They are renewable sources of energy. 4. The use of these energy sources does not cause pollution.

(ii) What are minerals?

Ans: Minerals are those natural resources which are under the earth. According to geologists, a mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous element having a definite internal structure. Many types of minerals are found in nature like diamond which is hard and lime which is dharma.

(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

Ans: Many minerals are found in cracks, joints, faults and cracks of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Small deposits are found as veins and large deposits are found as layers. Most of the minerals are also formed when they are pushed towards the earth’s surface through cracks in liquid or gaseous state. Coming up, they cool down and freeze. The main metallic minerals found in the form of veins and deposits are zinc, copper, zinc and lead etc.

(iv) Why do we need to conserve minerals?

Ans:- We need to conserve minerals because

Only one percent of our earth’s crust is in the form of minerals.
The formation of these mineral resources takes millions of years.
Thus these mineral resources are limited and non-renewable.
Continuing mining increases its cost because with increasing depth it is more expensive to extract it.
For this, minerals have to be used in a planned and sustainable manner.

Que 3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.

Ans: Coal is found in abundance in India. There are mainly four types of coal found in India

Peat – The coal produced by the decay of plants in swamps is called peat coal. It has low carbon, high moisture content and low heat capacity.

Lignite:- It is a low grade brown coal. It is soft and more moisturized.

Bituminous:- Coal that is deeply buried and affected by high temperature is called bituminous coal.

Ethesite – This is the best type of coal in which the carbon content is more than 80 percent. It is solid black and hard.

Coal is found in India in two forms.

(1) Gondwana:- Gondwana whose age is a little more than 200 lakh years. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coals, are located in Damodar Valley (West Bengal and Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro which are important coalfields. Coal deposits are also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha river basins.

(2) Tertiary:- Tertiary deposits which are about 55 lakh years old. Tertiary coalfields are found in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

(ii) The future of solar energy in India is bright. Why?

Ans: The future of solar energy in India is very bright because

India is a tropical country. There are immense possibilities of harnessing solar energy here.
In India, sunlight is directly converted into electricity by photovoltaic technology.
Solar energy is becoming increasingly popular in rural and remote areas of India.
Large solar power plants are being set up in India.
It is also making a significant contribution to environmental protection.

Ch 6: Manufacturing Industry

Que 1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?

(a) Aluminum. (b) sugar (c) cement. (d) Jute

Ans: (c) cement.

(ii) Which of the following agencies makes steel available in the public sector in the market?

(a) HAIL. (b) SAIL (SAIL) (c) TATA STEEL (d) MNCC

Ans: (b) SAIL (SAIL)

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?

(a) Aluminum. (b) cement (c) Jute. (d) steel.

Ans:(a) Aluminum.

(iv) Which of the following industries manufacture plants like telephones, computers, etc.?

(a) Steel. (b) Aluminum (c) electronic. (d) Information Technology.

Ans: (d) Information Technology.

Que 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What is manufacturing?

Ans: The production of large quantities of goods by converting raw materials into valuable products is called commodity manufacturing, such as making tiles from clay, making cotton clothes from cotton and making tools from iron, etc. The economic progress of any country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

(ii) State three physical factors affecting the location of industries.

Ans: The following are the physical factors affecting the location of industries.

(a) Energy Resources.
(b) Availability of raw materials.
(c) favorable climate

(iii) State three human factors affecting industrial location.

Ans: Following are the three human factors affecting the post industrial location.

(a) cheap labor
(b) capital
(c) Transport facilities
(d) market

(iv) What is basic industry? Give an example.

Ans: Basic industries are those industries whose finished goods are used in other industries. For example, iron steel industry is a basic industry, because the iron produced from it is used as a raw material in all other heavy, light and medium industries. The machines of these industries are also made from this iron.

Que 3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) How is composite steel industry different from mini steel industry? What are the problems of this industry? Under which reforms its production capacity has increased?

Ans: Compiled steel industry is such a plant in which all the activities from material to steel making take place in one place. It is totally different from mini steel industries. Mini steel industries are small plants in which electric furnace, scrap steel and sponge iron are used. They produce mild steel or mild and alloy steel of prescribed proportions.

There are many problems facing this industry

high cost
low labor productivity
irregular power supply
underdeveloped infrastructure

The production capacity has increased in this industry under the following reforms.

The efforts of entrepreneurs in the private sector led to improvement.
Liberalization gave a boost to this industry.
The steel industry has also improved with foreign direct investment.

(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?

Ans: Industries pollute the environment in the following ways-

Air Pollution – Toxic gases emitted from industries mix in the atmosphere and pollute the air.
Water Pollution: Water pollution is caused by the release of waste materials from factories into the rivers. These industries add organic matter, dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals to water; For example, synthetic chemicals including lead, mercury, fertilizers and rubber pass into the water.
Land Pollution: Toxic substances and metal-laden waste from factories also pollute the land and soil. When toxic water remains standing at any place for a long time, it proves to be a major cause of land degradation.
Noise Pollution: Industrial and construction work, factory equipment, generators, lumber mills, gas mechanics and electric drills spread noise pollution.
Thermal Pollution: When the heat from the travel papers from the industries is released into the rivers, then thermal pollution occurs, similarly the heat released from the industries also causes thermal pollution in the atmosphere.

(iii) Discuss the various measures taken by industries to reduce environmental degradation.

Ans: The following measures have been adopted by the industries to reduce the environmental degradation.

The waste water from factories should be treated before releasing it into the rivers so that the water is not polluted.
The chimneys of factories should be raised. Filters should be installed in chimneys.
In factories, electricity should be used instead of coal.
Silencers should be installed in generators to reduce noise pollution.
Such machines should be used which make less noise pollution. Sound absorbing devices should be used.
The removal of excess water by industries should be banned in places where the ground water level is low.

Ch 7: Lifelines of the National Economy

Que 1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which of the following two remote locations are connected by the East-West Corridor?

(a) Mumbai and Nagpur (b) Mumbai and Kolkata

(c) Silchar and Porbandar. (d) Nagpur and Siliguri

(ii) Which of the following mode of transport minimizes the transfer losses and delays?

(a) Rail transport. (b) pipeline

(c) Road transport. (d) water transport.

(iii) Which of the following states is not connected by the Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur pipeline?

(a) Madhya Pradesh. (b) Gujarat

(c) Maharashtra (d) Uttar Pradesh

(iv) Which one of these ports is situated on the eastern coast which is inland and maximum depth of fall and is completely safe?

(a) Chennai. (b) Tuticorin

(c) Paradip (d) Visakhapatnam.

(v) Which of the following means of transport is the main mode of transport in India?

(a) Pipeline. (b) road transport

(c) Rail transport. (d) Air transport.

(vi) Which of the following words denotes trade between two or more countries?

(a) Internal trade. (b) external trade

(c) International trade. (d) local business

Answer (i) (c) (i) (a) (i) (c) (iv) (d) (v) (c) (vi) (c)

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words

(i) State three merits of road transport

Ans: Following are the three merits of road transport-

Road construction is cheaper than rail and air transport.
Roads can also be constructed on rough land and hilly areas.
It connects road transport, rail transport, air transport and water transport.

(ii) Where is rail transport the most convenient mode of transport and why?

Ans: Northern rail transport is considered to be the most convenient transport in the plains of northern India, as the land in the northern plains is flat. Apart from this, due to dense population density, rich agriculture and abundant resources, the development of rail transport has increased in the northern plains.

(iii) State the importance of frontier roads.

Ans: The importance of North Frontier Roads are as follows-

The development of frontier roads has made commuting in the inaccessible areas easier.
These roads have proved helpful in protecting the borders.
These have increased the economic development in the North Eastern states.

(iv) What do you understand by trade? Explain the difference between local and international trade.

Ans: Exchange of goods and services is called trade.

Following are the differences between local and international trade

International Trade	Local Trade
When goods and services are exchanged between two countries, it is called international trade. This is done by sea and air. It happens between two countries. It involves the exchange of foreign currencies	When goods and services are exchanged within a country, it is called local trade. Most of the trade is done by road and rail. Local business takes place in cities, towns and villages. In this only the currency of the country is exchanged.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Why are the means of transport and communication called the lifeline and economy of a country?

Ans: Means of transport and communication are the lifelines of the economy of a country.

The means of transport and communication give great impetus to economic development.
The means of transport and communication have increased international trade.
The means of transport and communication have increased the reach of goods and services far and wide.
The means of transport and communication have contributed to the development in the agricultural, education and health sectors.
Technology has reached different angles of the world due to means of transport and communication.

Therefore, it is clear that the means of transport and communication play an important role in all the economic activities of a country, which give momentum to the economy of that country. That’s why they are called the life lines of a country.

(ii) Write an article on the changing trend of international trade in the last fifteen years.

Ans: When there is an exchange of goods and services between two countries, it is called international trade. In the last 15 years, there has been a lot of change in the international trade of the country. Due to the policies of globalization and liberalization, there has been a huge increase in international trade. Internationally, India has emerged as a superpower in the field of technology. Among the goods imported by India, the percentage of increase in petroleum producers was 41.87% and imports of coke and coal shells and coal were 94.17%. About 67.01% of fertilizers are imported by India abroad. Major machinery imports by India have increased by 39.09%. India’s tourism industry has grown significantly during the last three decades, registering a growth of 23.5% during the year 2004, resulting in foreign exchange earnings of Rs.21,828 crore.

question riddle-

1. Northern end of the North-South Corridor – Srinagar

2. Name of National Highway No.-2- Delhi to Kolkata

3. Southern Railway Division Headquarters- Secunderabad

4. The name of the railway route with a width of 1.676 meters – the broad line

5. Southernmost bank of National Highway No.-7- Kanyakumari

6. A riverine port- Kolkata

7. The busiest railway junction in northern India – Mughal Sarai

Political Science

Ch-1: Power Sharing

Exercise

Que 1: What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.

Ans: Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:

Horizontal division of power:

It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary is an example of horizontal division of power. In such a power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. This separation of powers ensures that no organ exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, thereby putting in place a system of checks and balances. The division of power between the Council of Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the Indian Supreme Court is an example of this kind of power sharing.

Vertical division of power: It is the sharing of power among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines the way power is to be shared between the Central or Union government and the various State governments. There are certain matters on which only the Central government can take decisions, while there are others on which only an individual state government has an exclusive right for decision making.
Division of power among social groups: Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially. The system of ‘community government’ in Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German-speaking), and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example.
Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power (the different political parties or the different alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements also share governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the decision-making process.

Que 2: State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

Ans:

Prudential reason:- India is a densely populated country. It is not possible to make laws, make peace and order for the whole country through a single government. Therefore, the government has been divided into different levels and the division of functions among them has been done in writing in the constitution, so that these governments can rule without quarrel keeping in mind the interests of the people of the country.

Moral reason:- Power distribution is necessary in a democratic country. If there is only one type of government then it will become autocratic, maximum people will not be able to participate in governance which is essential for democracy. Hence the classification of governments at different levels in India has been done.

Que 3: After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Thomman – Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathayi – Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisons.
Ouseph – Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.

Ans: We agree with Ouseph’s conclusion that there is a need for power sharing in every society. Even if it is small or there is no social division. Because the distribution of power is good for a democratic system. Power sharing is the soul of democracy. Democracy only means that the power is divided among the people who are under this system of governance. Legitimate government is one where all groups participate in governance.

Que 4: The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Ans: This decision goes against the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing system. Sharing of power among different social groups is the basic spirit of power sharing. The ban on speaking French was a one-sided decision. It hurts the sentiments of minorities.

Que 5: Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this.

“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy in the hands of the people. Given power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”

Ans: Prudential reasons give beneficial results. The prudential reason in this quote is that the distribution of power at the panchayat level will reduce corruption and increase administrative work.

Que 6: Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing:

A. reduces conflict among different communities

B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness

C. delays decision making process

D. accommodates diversities

E. increases instability and divisiveness

F. promotes people’s participation in government

G. undermines the unity of a country

(a)	A	B	D	F
(b)	A	C	E	F
(c)	A	B	D	G
(d)	B	C	D	G

Ans: (a) A B D F

Que 7: Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka.

In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community.
In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala speaking majority.
The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A, B, C and D
A, B and D
C And D
B, C and D

Ans: (d) B, C and D

Que 8: Match list I (forms of power sharing) with List II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists:

List I	List II
1.Power shared among different organs of government	A. Community government
2.Power shared among governments at different levels	B. Separation of powers
3.Power shared by different social groups	C. Coalition government
4.Power shared by two or more political parties	D. Federal government

	1	2	3	4
(a)	D	A	B	C
(b)	B	C	D	A
(c)	B	D	A	C
(d)	C	D	A	B

Ans:

	1	2	3	4
(c)	B	D	A	C

Que 9: Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes below:

Power sharing is good for democracy.
It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Which of these statements are true and false?

(a) A is true but B is false

(b) Both A and B are true

(c) Both A and B are false

(d) A is false but B is true

Ans: (b) Both A and B are true

Ch-2: Federalism

Exercise

Que 1: Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa

Ans:

Que 2: Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.

Ans:

Que 3: Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

Ans: In India, just like in Belgium, the central government has to share its powers with the regional governments. However, unlike India, Belgium has a community government in addition to the central and the state government.

Que 4: What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.

Ans: In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments.

In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.

Que 5: State any two differences between the local government before and after the constitutional amendment in 1992.

Ans:

Local governments before the Constitutional amendment in 1992	Local governments after the Constitutional amendment in 1992.
Elections were not held regularly.	It is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
Local governments did not have any powers or resources of their own.	The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

Que 6: Fill in the blanks:

Since the United States is a________type of federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are ________ vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a _________ type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the ________ government has more powers.

Ans: Since the United States is a coming together type of federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a holding together type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the Central government has more powers.

Que 7: Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.

Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman: Language-based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.
Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.

Ans: Sangeeta’s reaction is better than those of the other two. Unlike Sri Lanka (where the language of the majority has been promoted), the Indian polity has given equality of status to all the major languages spoken in the country. This has led to the avoidance of social conflict on linguistic basis. The policy of accommodation has made administration of States easier. It has also ensured a larger participation in the government’s activities by people who speak various languages.

Que 8: The distinguishing feature of a federal government is:

(a) National government gives some powers to the provincial governments.

(b) Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary.

(c) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.

(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.

Ans: (d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.

Que 9: A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.

A. Defence

B. Police

C. Agriculture

D. Education

E. Banking

F. Forests

G. Communications

H. Trade

I. Marriages

Union List
State List
Concurrent List

Ans:

Union List	Defence, Banking, Communications
State List	Police, Agriculture, Trade
Concurrent List	Education, Forests, Marriages

Que 10: Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

State government. State List
Central government Union List
Central and State government. Concurrent List
Local governments Residuary powers

Ans: (d) Local governments ——–> Residuary powers

Que 11: Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List I	List II
1. Union of India	A. Prime Minister
2. State	B. Sarpanch
3. Municipal	C. Governor
4. Gram Panchayat	D. Mayor

	1	2	3	4
(a)	D	A	B	C
(b)	B	C	D	A
(c )	A	C	D	B
(d)	C	D	A	B

Ans:

	1	2	3	4
(c )	A	C	D	B

Que 12: Consider the following statements.

In a federation the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.
India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
India is no longer a federation because some powers of the states have been devolved to the local government bodies.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) A, B and C

(b) A, C and D

(c) A and B only

(d) B and C only

Ans: (c) A and B only

Ch-3: Gender, Religion and Caste

Exercise

Que 1: Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.

Ans: In our country even after independence there is discrimination against women. These are following:

The literacy rate among women is still only 54 percent while that of men is 76 percent. The number of girls pursuing higher education is very low. Still parents prefer to spend more on the education of boys.
Women get less salary than men. The number of women reaching high positions is very low.
In every field i.e. from sports to cinema and from factories to farms and barns, women get less wages than men.
In many parts of India, the girl child is still killed as soon as she is born. Due to which the sex ratio has come down to 919 per thousand.
The role of women in politics in India is negligible. Women are still kept within the boundaries of the house.
Incidents like dowry harassment, exploitation and domestic violence against women are happening continuously. This makes them feel insecure.

Que 2: State different forms of communal politics with one example each.

Ans: Communalism can take many forms in politics.

The first example of communalism is visible in everyday life. In this, people start considering their religion as superior to other religions.
People with communal mindset are trying to establish political dominance of their community. For this they make political parties on the basis of their religion.
Political parties start mobilization on the basis of religion.
These political parties start promoting religious issues.
Communalism is the worst form of violence, riots and genocide on the basis of sect. There has been massive communal violence during the partition. The Hindu-Sikh riots of 1984, the Gujarat riots are a prime example of this.

Que 3: State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.

Ans: There has been a drastic change in the caste structure and caste system in modern India. But still the caste system has not departed from contemporary India. Some old aspects of caste inequality still persist

Even today most of the people do not get married in other castes.
Despite legal restrictions, the practice of untouchability has not yet been completely eradicated.
The economic condition of the upper caste people is better than the scheduled caste and scheduled Tribes.
The hold on education belongs to the upper caste people.
The upper caste also dominates politics.

Que 4: State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.

Ans: In India, the election results cannot be decided on the basis of caste alone. There are following reasons for this:

No single caste has a majority in any one parliamentary constituency.
So every party and candidate has to win the trust of more than one caste and community to win the election.
People vote on the ideology of the party rather than the candidate.
The opinion of the people about the working of the government and the popularity of the leaders have a decisive influence on the elections.

Que 5: What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?

Ans: The women’s representation in the legislatures of India is very low. For example, the number of women MPs in the Lok Sabha is not even fifteen percent of the total MPs. Their representation in the state assemblies is less than 5%. In this respect, India is far behind the rest of the world. Sometimes a woman becomes the prime minister or chief minister. Otherwise, most of the central and state cabinets have been dominated by men.

Que 6: Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.

Ans: The constitutional provisions that make India a secular country are following:

The law of India has not adopted any religion as the official religion. Whereas Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England have been given special status.
The constitution gives freedom to all citizens to practice and propagate any religion.
The constitution prohibits any discrimination on the basis of religion.

Que 7: When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:

(a) Biological difference between men and women

(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women

(c) Unequal child sex ratio

(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies

Ans: (b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women

Question 8: In India seats are reserved for women in

(a) Lok Sabha

(b) State Legislative Assemblies

(c) Cabinets

(d) Panchayati Raj bodies

Ans: (d) Panchayati Raj bodies

Que 9: Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that:

A. One religion is superior to that of others.

B. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.

C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.

D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.

Which of the statements is/are correct?

(a) A, B, C and D

(b) A, B and D

(c) A and C

(d) B and D

Ans: (c) A and C

Que 10: Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It

(a) prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion

(b) gives official status to one religion

(c) provides to all individuals’ freedom to profess any religion

(d) ensures equality of citizens within religious communities

Ans: (b) gives official status to one religion

Que 11: Social divisions based on ______ are peculiar to India.

Ans: Social divisions based on caste are peculiar to India.

Que 12: Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

List I	List II
1. A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men	A. Communalist
2. A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community	B. Feminist
3. A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community	C. Secularist
4. A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs.	D. Casteist

	1	2	3	4
(a)	B	C	A	D
(b)	B	A	D	C
(c)	D	C	A	B
(d)	C	A	B	D

Ans:

	1	2	3	4
(b)	B	A	D	C

Social Science

Class-10 (Political Science)

Chapter-4: Political Parties

Que 1. State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.

Ans: Following are the various roles of political parties in a democracy:

To contest elections.
Putting policies and programs before the public
To play a decisive role in law making.
Forming a government and running a government.
Act as an opposition party.
Creating public opinion.
To take welfare programs to the public.

Que 2. What are the verious challenges faced by political parties?

Ans: Following are the challenges before the political parties-

lack of internal democracy
the challenge of dynasty
Infiltration of money and criminal elements
state of no choice
lack of transparency

Que 3. To make political parties do their work better, give some suggestions to strengthen them.

Ans: Following are the suggestions to do your work better-

Defection law should be toughened
People with criminal tendencies should be banned
Organizational elections are held from time to time in political parties.
Make the internal working of political parties transparent
There should be transparency in election expenditure.

Que 4. What is a political party?

Ans: A political party is an organized group of people who work for the purpose of contesting elections and gaining political power in the government. Keeping in mind the collective interest of the society, this group decides some policies and ideologies.

Que 5. What are the characteristics of a political party?

Ans:

Political parties make certain policies and programs keeping in mind the collective interests of the society.
Political parties have a collective ideology.
Political parties try to implement those policies after winning elections by getting the support of the people.
Political parties represent a part of the society, so its attitude is inclined towards that particular section of the society.
There are three main parts of a political party – the leader, the active member, the follower or the supporter.

Que 6. A group of people who have come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called______________.

Ans: Political parties.

Que 7. Match the names of the first list (Organisation/Party) and the second list (Alliance/Morcha) and find the correct answer using the codes given below

List I	List II
1.Congress Party	A. National Democratic Alliance
2.Bharatiya Janata Party	B. State Party
3.Communist Party of India (Marxist)	C. United Progressive Alliance
4.Telugu Desam Party	D. Left Front

	1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)	C A B D C D A B C A D B D C A B

उत्तर (c ). C A D B

Que 8. Who among the following is the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party?

(a) Kashi Ram
(b) Sahu Maharaj
(c) B.R. Ambedkar
(d) Jyotiba Phule

Ans (a) Kashiram.

Que 9. What is the main driving principle of the Bharatiya Janata Party?

(a) Bahujan Samaj
(b) Revolutionary Democracy
(c) Cultural Nationalism
(d) Modernity

Ans (c) Cultural nationalism.

Que 10. Consider the following statements about the parties

(A) People do not have much faith in political parties.
(B) The echoes of scandals of big leaders are often heard in the parties.
(C) It is not necessary to have parties to run the government.

Which of these statements is correct?

(a) a, b and c
(b) a and b
(c) b and c
(d) a and c

Ans (b) a and b

Que 11. Read the following quote and answer the questions given below:

Mohammad Yunus is a famous economist from Bangladesh. He has received many international awards for his efforts for economic and social development of the poor. He and the Grameen Bank founded by him were jointly awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize. In February 2007 he decided to form a political party and contest parliamentary elections. Their aim is to inculcate the right leadership, give good governance and build a new Bangladesh. They feel that a new political culture can arise only from a new political party different from the traditional ones. His party will be democratic from the bottom to the top.

The formation of this new party called Nagrik Shakti has created a stir in Bangladesh. Many people liked his decision and many did not like it. A government official, Shahedul Islam, said, “I think it is now possible to choose between good and bad in Bangladesh. Now a good government can be expected. This government will not only stay away from corruption but also corruption and corruption. Will also make eradication of black money its priority.

But there is doubt among the leaders of the old parties who have been in the politics of the country for decades. A prominent leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party says “what may be debated on winning the Nobel Prize, but politics is a completely different thing, very challenging and often controversial.” The tone of some others was even stronger. They started questioning his entry into politics. A political observer said, the forces outside the country are imposing them on politics.

Do you think Yunus did the right thing by forming a new political party?

Do you agree with the statements and messages issued by different people? How should this party organize itself to do things differently? If you were one of the founders of this political party, what would you argue in favor of it?

Ans: I think Yunus did well by forming a new political party. Those desirous of public interest must come forward and do good works.

Those who do public welfare should never care about criticism. They should go on doing their work. Formed by Muhammad Yunus, this party will undoubtedly be based on the principles of fairness and public welfare. Honest people should be included in this party. Because only then it will be able to become an example and will be able to do different work from others.

If I were one of the founders of this political party, I would try to convince the general public that the party created by Muhammad Yunus is based on ideals and that it will definitely do their welfare.

Ch-5: Outcomes of Democracy

Exercise

Que 1. How does a democracy constitute a responsible, responsible and legitimate government?

Ans:

There are free and fair elections in a democracy.
Decisions in a democracy are made in a very transparent manner.
In a democracy, the representatives are elected by the people.
People have the right to change the government in the next elections.
In a democracy, everyone has the right to vote.

Que 2. In what situations does democracy handle and reconcile social diversity?

Ans:

Democracy reduces conflict between different communities.
Democracy gives equal opportunity to all the groups.
In a democracy, everyone gets a chance to be represented.
In a democracy, disputes are settled by negotiation.
In a non-democratic system, minorities are suppressed.

Que 3. Give arguments in favor or against the following statements :

3(i) Only industrialized countries can bear the burden of democratic system but poor countries need dictatorship for economic development.

Ans: Only industrialized countries can bear the burden of democratic system but poor countries need dictatorship for economic development This statement is wrong because in dictatorship economic policies are not made to benefit the people but for their own benefit. Is. In a democratic system, there is a responsible government which makes policies in a transparent manner.

3(ii) Democracy cannot reduce the inequality among its citizens.

Ans: This statement is wrong because

In a democracy, everyone has the right to vote.
Democracy gives equal opportunity to all the groups.
In a democracy, everyone gets a chance to be represented.
Democracy makes arrangements to provide financial assistance to the poor and backward.
In a non-democratic system, minorities are suppressed.

3(iii) The government of poor countries should spend more of its resources on reducing poverty and on industries and basic economic infrastructure rather than on food, clothing, health and education.

Ans: This statement is wrong because the governments of poor countries should focus on reducing poverty. If poverty is reduced, the basic economic infrastructure will automatically start to be created. Health and education are very important for economic development.

3(iv) Economic equality among citizens exists in both rich and poor democratic countries.

Ans: Economic equality among citizens exists in both rich and poor democratic countries. This statement is true because there is economic inequality in rich countries like America and also in poor countries of Africa.

3(v) Everyone has the right to one vote in a democracy. This means that there is no domination and conflict in a democracy.

Ans: In a democracy, everyone has the right to one vote. This means that there is no domination and conflict in a democracy. This statement is wrong, despite the right to equal vote, politics is occupied by the rich and the oppressed. After the right to equal vote, there are conflicts on the basis of caste religion.

Que 4. Identify the challenges of democracy in the description given below. How these conditions pose a challenge to the dignified, safe and peaceful life of the citizens. Also suggest policy-institutional measures to strengthen democracy:

Following the direction of the High Court, a temple in Odisha having separate doors for the entry of Dalits and non-Dalits had to allow all entry through the same door.
A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.
In view of the allegation of killing of three civilians by J&K Police in Gandwara, J&K, an inquiry was ordered into the incident.

Ans:

This situation is a challenge to dignified living and discrimination. Due to this Dalits have to suffer humiliation. Strict laws should be made to deal with these challenges of democracy.
This situation is the challenge of economic inequality. To deal with this, financial help should be given to the farmer class. Their debts should be forgiven.
This situation is a challenge to a safe and peaceful life. To deal with this, governments should create a transparent policing system.

Que 5. With reference to democratic systems, which of the following ideas is correct – Democratic systems have successfully :

Conflict between people is eliminated.
The economic inequalities among the people have been eliminated.
Removed all differences of opinion about how marginalized groups should be treated.
The idea of political inequality has been abolished.

Ans: (iv) The idea of political inequality has been abolished.

Que 6. From the point of view of evaluation of democracy, none of these things are in accordance with democratic systems. Select it:

(a) free and fair elections

(b) dignity of the individual

(c) Majority rule

(d) Equality before the law

Ans: (c) Majority rule

Que 7. Studies done on the political and social inequalities of a democratic system show that

(i) Democracy and development go hand in hand.

(ii) Inequalities persist in democratic systems.

(iii) Dictatorship does not have inequalities.

(iv) Dictatorships have proved to be better than democracies.

Ans: (ii) Inequalities persist in democratic systems.

Que 8. Read the following paragraph –

Nannu is a daily wage worker. He lives in Welcome Mashdoor Colony, a slum in East Delhi. His ration card was lost and in January 2006 he made several rounds of duplicate ration card ration department’s office but the clerics and officers posted there were not ready to see him who asked him to do his work or tell the status of his application. Eventually he applied for the making of the information. For the next three months, he exercised authority to give details of the daily progress of his application. Along with this, he also asked for the names of the officers working on this application and the details of the action to be taken against them in case of non-performance. Within a week of submitting the RTI application, an inspector from the Food Department came to his house and told Nannu that your ration card is ready and you can take it to the office. The next day when Nannu went to collect the ration card, he was warmly received by the highest official of the Food and Supplies Department of that area. This officer offered him tea and said that now your work is done so withdraw your RTI application.

What does Nannu’s example illustrate? What was the effect of Nannu’s application on the officers? Ask your parents how has been their experience of approaching government employees for their problems.

Ans: Nannu’s example shows us that everyone should be aware of their rights.

After giving the application of Nannu, the officials made his new ration card within a week. In that office, senior officers were welcomed with full respect and asked to withdraw their application. Our parents also have to visit government offices again and again for their problems.

characteristics of democracy

1. Major decisions are taken by elected representatives.

2. Free and fair elections

3. Principle of one person, one vote, one value

5. rule of law

5. Responsible, accountable and legitimate government

6. Opportunity to correct mistakes

Economics

Ch-1: Development

Exercise

Que 1: Development of a country can generally be determined by

(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above

Ans: (iv) all the above

Que 2: Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?

(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan

Ans: (ii) Sri Lanka

Que 3:Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ₹5000. If the income of three families is ₹4000, 7000 and 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?

(i) ₹7500
(ii) ₹3000
(iii) ₹2000
(iv) ₹6000

Ans: (iv) ₹6000

Average per capita income = ₹5000

Total income of all families = ₹5000×4 = ₹20000

Sum of income of three families = ₹4000 + ₹7000 + ₹3000 = ₹14000

Income of the fourth family = Total income of all families – Sum of income of three families

= ₹20000-₹14000 = ₹6000

Que 4: What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Ans: The main criterion is Per Capita Income used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitations of this criterion are following:

Per capita income can be a useful tool for comparison but it is not accurate enough to show the distribution of income. See the table below

It also doesn’t account for various other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.
Since the population is large, per capita income does not reveal true numbers as the population.

Que 5: In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Ans: The World Bank’s criteria are based only on per capita income. There are many limitations to this criterion. Whereas the three criteria were adopted for UNDP development. Witch are following:

1. Infant mortality and healthcare facility

2. Educational level

3. Per Capita Income

UNDP’s criteria for measuring development are accurate.

Que 6: Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Ans: Average is a useful tool for making comparisons of different quantities of the same category.To know the development of a country, per capita income is the most important component. for which we use average.

Limitations:

The distribution of income cannot be accurately estimated from the average.
It hides economic inequalities.
The average is not accurate for a large population.

For example when we compare the income of two countries. It hides economic inequalities. See in the following table.

Here the average income of both the countries is 10000 while there is inequality in the distribution of income.

Que 7: Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Ans:- Per capita income can be a useful criterion for comparison but it is not accurate to show the distribution of income. It does not include many other factors like infant mortality rate, literacy level, health care etc. Hence it should not be used for comparison of states. Despite the high per capita income in Punjab, Kerala’s human development number is higher than Punjab due to high literacy rate and net attendance ratio and low infant mortality rate.

Que 8: Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Ans: The following sources of energy are used by the people of India:

1. Coal: Coal is used as a fuel in industries. Most of the coal is used to generate electricity.

2. Petroleum: Petroleum is used in vehicles. Diesel, kerosene, petrol etc. are obtained by refining mineral oil.

3. Natural Gas: Natural gas is being used in homes and industries. The gas is transported to distant places with the help of pipes.

4. Hydroelectricity: The electricity generated by water is called hydroelectricity. It is used extensively in homes, offices and industrial units.

5. Other sources of energy: There are also some new sources of energy which are being used as energy. For example, wind energy, solar energy, biogas, geothermal energy etc.

After 50 years from now, the use of energy sources like coal, petroleum and natural gas in India is likely to decrease because they have limited reserves. In the coming 50 years, the potential is more visible in solar energy, geothermal energy etc.

Que 9: Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans: Sustainability means sustainable and continuous development. The development is not limited to the present generation but continues from generation to generation, is called sustainability. It is very important for development because it saves the national budget, fulfills the needs of the people, conserves natural resources, helps in the coordination between the natural resources and people and conserves natural resources for future generations.

Que 10: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Ans: This was said by Mahatma Gandhi. This means that there are so many resources on earth that if used properly, the needs of all people can be met. But if even a single greedy person will exploit the resources, then there are not enough resources to satisfy his greed. This point becomes relevant to discussion of development because we need to follow the principle of sustainability for development. This means that we should use the resources in such a way that they never run out.

Que 11: List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Ans:- There are many examples of environmental degradation, some of which are as follows:

Industrial wastes are being dumped in rivers, lakes and seas in the name of development. Which pollutes the water.
Oil leakage from ships polluting the sea water.
Smoke from factories and motor vehicles is polluting the air.
Environmental problems arise due to dumping of garbage etc. by houses or other sources.
The use of more fertilizers in agricultural areas ends the fertile power of the land and these fertilizers pollute the land.

Que 12: For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

Ans:

TABLE 1.6 SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2017:

Country	Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita (2011 PPP $)	Life Expectancy at birth (2017)	Mean Years of Schooling of People aged 25 and above (2017)	HDI Rank in the world (2018)
Sri Lanka	11,325	75.5	10.9	76
India	6,353	68.8	6.4	130
Myanmar	5,567	66.7	4.9	148
Pakistan	5.331	66.6	5.2	150
Nepal	2,471	70.6	4.9	149
Bangladesh	3.677	72.8	5.8	136

Source: Human Development Report, 2018, United Nations Development Programme, New York

Per capita income: Top country- Sri Lanka, Bottom country- Myanmar

Life Expectancy at birth: Top country- Sri Lanka, Bottom country- Myanmar

Literacy rate for 15+ years population: Top Countries Sri Lanka, Bottom countries- Bangladesh.

Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country- Sri Lanka, Bottom country- Pakistan

HDI Rank in the world: Top country- Sri Lanka, Bottom Country – Nepal.

Que 13: The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

State	Male (%)	Female (%)
Kerala	8.5	10
Karnataka	17	21
Madhya Pradesh	28	28
All states	20	23

(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Can you guess why around 20 percent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued country? Describe in your own words.

Ans:

(i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people of both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh i.e. more percent of males and females are undernourished in Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) There is enough food in the country, even then most of the people in the country are undernourished because:

A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food.
In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get food items at cheaper rates.

Ch-2: Sectors of the Indian Economy

Exercise

Que 1: Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
Workers in the _______sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
Most of the workers in the _______ sector enjoy job security. (organized / unorganized)
A____ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganized sector. (large/small)
Cotton is a______product and cloth is a product. (natural / manufactured)
The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are______. (independent / interdependent)

Ans:

(i) Employment in the service sector has not increased to the same extent as production.

(ii) Workers in the tertiary sector do not produce goods.

(iii) Most of the workers in the organised sector enjoy job security.

(iv) A large proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganized sector.

(v) Cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product.

(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are interdependent.

Que 2: Choose the most appropriate answer.

(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:

(i) employment conditions

(ii) the nature of economic activity

(iii) ownership of enterprises

(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise

Ans: (iii) ownership of enterprises.

(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in _______ sector.

(i) primary

(ii) secondary

(iii) tertiary

(iv) information technology

Ans: (i) primary sector.

(c) GDP is the total value of________produced during a particular year.

(i) all goods and services

(ii) all final goods and services

(iii) all intermediate goods and services

(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services

Ans: (ii) all final goods and services

(d) In terms of GDP the share of the tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between_______ per cent.

(i) 20 to 30

(ii) 30 to 40

(iii) 50 to 60

(iv) 60 to 70

Ans:(iii) 50 to 60

Que 3: Match the following:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land 2. Low prices for crops 3. Debt burden 4. No job in the off season 5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest	(a) Setting up agro-based mills (b) Cooperative marketing societies (c) Procurement of food grains by government (d) Construction of canals by the government (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest

Ans:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land 2. Low prices for crops 3. Debt burden 4. No job in the off season 5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest	(d) Construction of canals by the government (c) Procurement of food grains by government (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest (a) Setting up agro-based mills (b) Cooperative marketing societies

Que 4: Find the odd one out and say why?

(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter

(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer

(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable

(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio

Ans:

(i) Tourist guide: He is appointed by the government, while dhobi, tailor and potter belong to the private sector. Dhobi, tailor and potter are self-employed.

(ii) Vegetable vendor: He belongs to the unorganised sector while the rest are belong to the organised sector.

(iii) Cobbler: The rest are workers in the public sector, while his profession is part of the private sector and does not require any qualification.

(iv) Jet Airways: It belongs to the private sector, while the rest are public sector.

Que 5: A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.

Place of work	Nature of employment In offices and factories registered with Organized	Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with Organized the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license		15
People working on the street, construction workers. domestic workers		20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganized sector in this city?

Place of work	Nature of employment In offices and factories registered with Organized	Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with Organized the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license	Organised	15
People working on the street, construction workers. domestic workers	Unorganised	20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government	Unorganised	50

The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70%.

Que 6: Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how?

Ans: Yes, it is very useful to divide economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

1. It helps economists to understand the real state of the economy.

2. It provides employment status in all the three sectors.

3. It provides necessary data for the implementation of economic reforms.

4. It helps to know the area in which economic cooperation is needed.

5. It gives an indicator of which sector is the most popular and which sector is becoming unpopular

Que 7: For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.

Ans: For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because

1. Both employment and GDP are of great importance for economic development.

2. The GDP of all the three sectors gives a complete picture of the economy.

3. Employment figures reveal the health of the economy.

4. Future plans are prepared from the data of GDP and employment.

5. These components decide the extent of the economy of a country and the stipulation of the economy.

Que 8: Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.

Ans: Some Samples of Work People Do and Their Classification

Nature of work	Nature of Economic Activity	Organized and unorganised	Terms of Ownership
Bank Clerk Freelance Cartoonist Construction Worker Doctor in AIIMS DTC Bus Driver Farmer Guest House Receptionist Mine Worker Own Tailor Shop Factory Supervisor Government Teachers Lawyers Postman Fishermen Mali Call Center Employee Mahajan Beekeepers	Tertiary Tertiary Secondary Tertiary Tertiary Primary Tertiary Primary Tertiary Secondary Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Primary Primary Tertiary Tertiary Primary	OrganisedUnorganisedUnorganisedOrganisedOrganisedUnorganisedUnorganised UnorganisedUnorganisedOrganizedOrganizedOrganizedOrganizedUnorganizedUnorganizedOrganizedUnorganizedUnorganized	PublicPrivate PrivatePublicPublicPrivatePublicPrivatePrivatePrivatePublicPublicPublicPrivatePrivatePrivatePrivatePrivate
PriestPotteryBasket WeaversCourier DeliveryFloricultureMatchwork WorkersAstronautDairy sellers	TertiarySecondaryPrimaryTertiaryPrimarySecondarytertiaryPrimary	UnorganizedUnorganizedUnorganizedUnorganizedUnorganizedOrganizedorganizedUnorganized	PrivatePrivatePrivatePrivatePrivatePrivatePrivatePrivate

Que 9: How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.

Ans: 1. In the tertiary sector no goods are produced but services are provided whereas in other sectors a commodity is manufactured.

2. Tertiary sector activities help in the development of primary and secondary sector. For example, transport, banking, telephone, insurance companies.

3. The tertiary sector also includes some personal services such as teachers, doctors, washermen, barbers, lawyers, etc

Que 10: What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.

Ans: Disguised unemployment refers to such unemployment in which people are directly seen to be working but in reality they are unemployed. This is called hidden unemployment.

For example, in villages, more people work in agriculture than they need. Others are working because they haven’t any work. Similarly, in small shops in cities, all the members of the family are working whereas only one or two is needed.

Que 11: Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.

Ans: Open Unemployment: The situation in which there are many working people but they are not getting work, it is called open unemployment.

Disguised unemployment: Unemployment in which people appear to be working directly but are actually unemployed. This is called hidden unemployment. For example, in villages, more people work in agriculture than they need.

Que 12: “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Ans: We do not agree with the statement that the tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of the Indian economy. In most developed countries, the majority of GDP comes from the tertiary sector. There is no doubt that the share of the tertiary sector in India’s GDP has increased. Because during the planning period from 1973 to 2003, although production increased in all the sectors in 30 years, the production of the tertiary sector increased the most. During this period the share of the primary sector was 25% while that of the tertiary sector was some 50%. Similarly, on the basis of employment, the rate of growth of employment in the tertiary sector has been about 300 percent, which is much higher than the secondary and primary sector.

Que 13: Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?

Ans: There are two different types of people employed in the service sector in India-

1. Highly Skilled and Educated Labor: Highly skilled and educated workers are engaged in the service sector because along with modernization, the service sector is growing. Due to information technology, highly skilled labor is required in the service sector.

2. Unskilled and uneducated labour: Large number of people are engaged in services like small shops, repair works, transport etc. These are unskilled and uneducated workers. These people are hardly able to make a living and they are engaged in these services because they have no other alternative opportunities.

Que 14: Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Ans: Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. We agree with this view. The workers are exploited in the following ways.

1. The workers are paid very little.

2. Workers can be removed from work without any reason.

3. No additional pay is given for working overtime.

4. Compensation amount is not given in case of accident while working.

5. There are no limitations on working hours.

Que 15: How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?

Ans: On the basis of employment conditions, economic activities can be classified into two categories:- 1. Organized Sector, 2. Unorganized Sector

1. Organized Sector-

The period of employment in the organized sector is regular.
These sectors are registered by the government.
They have to follow government rules and regulations.
The employees get the benefits of employment security.
If they work overtime, then they are given extra salary.
Paid leave, provident fund, allowances are available in this sector.
In this also get pension on retirement.

2. Unorganized Sector-

The unorganized sector is made up of small and scattered units.
These units are mostly outside government control.
It does not follow the rules and regulations.
There is no provision for working overtime.
Paid leave, provident fund, allowances, sick leave are not available.
There is no security of employment.

Que 16: Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.

Ans: The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are completely different from one another.

The Organised sector: The organised sector mainly comprises companies registered with the government and offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work.

The Unorganised sector: The unorganised sector is just the complete opposite of organised sector. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of a safe work environment.

Que 17: Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.

Ans: The central government has made a law to implement the right to work in 625 districts of India. This is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA 2005). It has the following objectives:

1. To end rural unemployment.

2. Poverty alleviation.

3. To end the problem of malnutrition.

4. Increasing production from land in rural areas.

Que 18: Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.

Ans:

Public Sector:– In this, most of the assets are owned by the government. For example, Indian Railways, SAIL, BEML etc. In the public sector such goods or services are manufactured which are beneficial to the people. Their aim is not to earn private interest or profit, but their aim is public benefit. The price of goods and services in this sector is determined by the government.

Private Sector:- Those industries which are owned by private persons are called the private sector. It includes those industries which meet the needs of the general public such as industries manufacturing television, air conditioners, refrigerators, etc. These activities are done for the purpose of earning personal profit. The private sector is not bound to do welfare work. Even if he does any such work, he charges more for it like private schools charge more fees than government schools. In private sector industries, the prices of goods are determined by the market forces.

Que 19: Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

	Well managed organisation	Badly managed organisation
Public sector
Private sector

Ans:

	Well managed organisation	Badly managed organisation
Public sector	IRCTC, DMRC	BSNL
Private sector	Bharti Airtel, Reliance	Satyam, Financial Technologies

Que 20: Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.

Ans: A few examples of public sector activities are the provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport, especially railway. The government controls these provisions because water and power are basic necessities and are needed by everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is handed over to private enterprises, they might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Therefore, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.

Que 21: Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.

Ans: In the following ways the Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation:

It focuses on infrastructural development and promotes rapid economic development.

It creates employment opportunities so that more people can find suitable jobs.
It generates financial resources for development.

It ensures equal distribution of income and wealth to maintain equilibrium in all regions.
It encourages sustainable development of small, medium and cottage industries so that they can contribute toward economic development.
It ensures easy availability of goods and commodities at moderate rates.
Contributes to overall development i.e. to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services.

Que 22: The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.

Ans: The workers in the unorganised sector need protection:

Wages: Labourers who are employed as a repair person, vegetable vendor etc. do not have fixed income. They somehow manage to earn their living. They are not employed throughout the year.
Safety: Workers in the unorganized sector have to deal with hazards and are not provided with safe drinking water or a clean environment, E.g.. Working in the mining, chemical industries is hazardous.
Health: Proper medication is not available and leaves are not granted in case of sickness. No medical infrastructure available E.g. Construction workers.

Que 23: A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was 260,000 million. Out of this 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?

Ans:

	Organised sector	Unorganised sector	Total
No of workers	4,00,000	11,00,000	15,00,000
Income	32,000 million	28.000 million	60,000 million

It is evident that while a larger proportion of workers are working in the unorganized sector, therefore per capita earning of those in the organized sector is more. The government should make policies to encourage the entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector to change them into the organized sector. Moreover, the government should come up with incentives so that more industries could be opened up in the organized sector.

Que 24: The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
2000	52,000	48,500	1,33,500
2013	8,00,500	10,74,000	38,68,000

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.

(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.

(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?

Ans: (i) share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 is:

primary sector = 22.22%

secondary sector=20.72%

tertiary sector = 57.06%.

share of the three sectors in GDP for 2013 is:

primary sector= 13.94%

secondary sector 18.70%

tertiary sector 67.36%

(ii) Bar diagram with comparison in two years are given below:

(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by 10% and in primary sector reduced by 10%, but in secondary sector it remains almost same.

Social Science

Class 10 (Economics)

Chapter-3: Money and Credit

Exercise

Que 1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower.

Explain.

Ans:

In risky situations, the loan may create more problems for the borrower.
Where the risk is high, taking a loan can worsen the financial situation.
For example, a farmer buys the best fertilizers, seeds and pesticides to grow a good crop.
For this he takes a loan. But if the crop gets damaged due to weather, it will be difficult for him to repay the loan.
In this way, the risk of crop failure can create problems for him.

Que 2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with

an example of your own.

Ans: The barter system requires a double coincidence of wants. For example, if a person wants to buy clothes by selling pottery, then such a cloth seller has to be found who needs pottery. This problem is solved by the circulation of currency. Because that person will get money by selling pottery and buy clothes with money.

Que 3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who

need money?

Ans: Banks mediate between people having surplus currency and those in need in the following ways.

The bank deposits the currency of such people who have more currency than they need.
For this the bank pays interest to the depositor.
The bank gives the same deposit in the form of loan to the needy people.
The bank receives interest for this loan.
Thus banks mediate between the two types of people.

Que 4: Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?

Ans: On the top of the ten rupee note is written “I promise to pay the bearer ten rupees”. Below this is the signature of the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. This statement means that the Reserve Bank of India is committed to exchange ten rupees for this note. The value of this note has been fixed at ten rupees, which is valid for all.

Que 5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?

Ans: There is a great need to increase the formal sources of credit in India.

Higher interest has to be paid on loans from informal sources.
This may increase the debt burden.
Formal sources save us from the exploitation of moneylenders.
Increasing formal sources will also help in improving social and economic conditions.
For the development of the country, it is necessary to increase the formal sources of credit.

Que 6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.

Ans: A self-help group is a group of people whose members collect money by making small savings. And give loan to any member of the group when in need. In return, the group charges very little interest from the members.

Such groups prove to be very useful in rural areas.
Because banks are not present in most of the rural areas.
These self help groups make people self reliant
Such self-help groups save from the exploitation of moneylenders.
Loans are provided to people who lack a credit base.

Que 7. What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?

Ans: Banks are not ready to lend to some borrowers due to the following reasons.

Banks do not give loans for any risky work.
Banks do not give loans to those who do not fulfill the conditions of the loan.
Banks are not ready to give loans to people who do not have a good record of loan repayment.

Que 8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks?

Why is this necessary?

Ans: The Reserve Bank of India monitors the activities of other banks in the following ways-

The Reserve Bank keeps in mind whether all banks keep 15% minimum amount with themselves or not.
The Reserve Bank controls the lending process of other banks.
The Reserve Bank solves the problems of the customers of all the banks.
The Reserve Bank keeps an eye on any corruption happening in all the banks so that the money of the customers is safe.
The Reserve Bank keeps on asking important information from all the banks from time to time.
RBI can impose penalty on all banks due to irregularities

Que 9. Analyze the role of credit in development.

Ans: There is no doubt that credit plays a positive role in development which are as follows-

Credit increases the demand for goods.
The loan makes fertilizers and seeds available to the farmers at the right time. Due to which their production increases.
Credit plays an important role in the expansion of industries
Loan helps in getting better education.
Credit contributes to the promotion of self-employment.

Que 10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide

whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.

Ans: Manav has to start a small business. Man would definitely like to take loan from banks as loan will be available to him at low rate of interest from banks. The loan taken from the moneylender will be very costly for him.

Que 11. In India, about 80 percent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation.

(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?

(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?

(c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the

small farmer.

(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.

Ans:

(a) Banks hesitate to give loans to small farmers because the possibility of getting back the loan from the small farmer depends on his crop. If the crop fails, it becomes impossible for the small farmer to repay the loan.

(b) These small farmers usually take loans from moneylenders, traders, landlords but they charge high rates of interest.

(c) Banks give mortgage of land while giving loans. Small farmers have to sell their land if they are unable to repay the loan. Such terms can be unfavorable for the farmers.

(d) For this, cheap loans can be made available to small farmers by setting up co-operative societies. The credit terms of these co-operative societies are soft and flexible, they provide loans to small farmers for purchase of agricultural equipment, fishing, construction of house and various other expenses.

12. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Majority of the credit needs of the _________________households are met

from informal sources.

(ii) ___________________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.

(iii) __________________ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central

Government.

(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on

__________.

(v) _______________ is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee

until the loan is repaid to the lender.

Ans: (a) Rural (b) Credit network (c) Reserve Bank of India (d) Deposits (e) Credit base.

Que 13. Choose the most appropriate answer.

(i) Most of the decisions related to savings and loans are taken in self-help groups-

(a) Bank (b) Members. (c) NGO

(ii) formal sources of credit do not include—

(a) Banks. (b) Co-operative societies. (c) Employers

Ans: (i) by the members (ii) by the employer.

Social Science

Class 10 (Economics)

Chapter-4: Globalization and Indian Economy

Exercise

Que 1. What do you understand by Globalization? Explain in your own words.

Ans: Globalization is the process of interconnectedness and rapid integration between different countries. Globalization refers to a system in which the economies of all countries are interconnected with other economies of the world.

Que 2. What were the reasons for imposing restrictions on foreign trade and foreign investment by the Government of India? Why did the government want to remove these barriers?

Ans: The following were the reasons for imposing restrictions on foreign trade and foreign investment by the Government of India-

At that time the producers of the country were not able to compete with the foreigners.

Such barriers were imposed to protect the new industries of India.

Later the government wanted to remove these barriers because Indian producers were able to compete with foreign ones. Liberalization had become necessary to increase the Indian economy.

Que 3. How will the flexibility in labor laws help the companies?

Ans: Flexibility in labor laws will help companies in the following ways-

Due to flexibility in labor laws, companies can remove additional workers.

By doing this, his expenses will come sometime and the profit of the companies will increase.

Foreign investment will increase in the event of profit.

Companies will be able to expand with the flexibility of labor laws.

Que 4. How do multinational companies establish control over production in other countries?

Ans: MNCs establish control over production in other countries in the following ways-

MNCs set up their factories in countries where they can get cheap labour.

This keeps their cost of production low and the profit potential high.

Most multinational companies buy small companies to establish their monopoly.

MNCs get goods manufactured from local producers and sell those goods to customers under their own brand name.

Question 5. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalize their trade and investment? Do you believe that developing countries should also make similar demands in return?

Ans: developed countries want liberalization of their trade and investment from developing countries.

This makes it easier for developed countries to sell their goods.

Developed countries benefit more from liberalization.

Liberalization leads to increase in foreign trade of developed countries

I believe that developing countries should also make such demands in return so that they too can sell their goods to developed countries without hindrance.

Question 6. The impact of globalization is not uniform. Explain this statement in your own words.

Answer: Undoubtedly, the effect of globalization did not affect all the countries equally.

Developed countries and multinational companies have benefited a lot from this.

Technology has also expanded in developing countries.

But local and small industrialists and workers have suffered a lot due to this.

Globalization has established monopoly of multinational companies.

Globalization has definitely benefited the consumers a lot as now the prices of goods have come down.

Poor countries have suffered a lot from globalization as their economy has become very weak.

Question 7. How does liberalization of trade and investment policies help in the globalization process?

Answer: Liberalization of trade and investment policies gives a big boost to the globalization process.

Liberalization leads to increase in foreign trade.

Due to liberalisation, multinational companies set up their industries in the country.

Liberalization increases foreign investment.

Due to all these, the process of globalization is strengthened.

Therefore, liberalization of trade and foreign policies helps a lot in the process of globalization.

Question 8. How does foreign trade help in the integration of the markets of different countries? Explain with an example different from the one given here.

Answer: Foreign trade helps in the integration of markets of different countries in the following ways

Due to foreign trade, the goods of other countries also reach the markets of different countries.

Due to foreign trade, there is uniformity in the prices of commodities in the markets.

The quality of goods increases due to competition.

For example, the main companies that make computers are in America and Europe. The design of the product is done in these countries. Different parts of the computer are made in Malaysia, China and Taiwan and they are assembled in China or India. The final product is then sold all over the world. This example shows the integration of many markets in the world.

Question 9. Globalization will continue in future. Can you imagine what the world will be like twenty years from now? Give reason for your answer.

Ans: globalization will not only continue in future but will grow at a faster pace. We can imagine that 20 years from now the following changes will take place in the world-

Due to globalization, technology will reach every corner of the world.

Because of globalization the quality of goods will be at the highest level.

Any person sitting in any corner of the world will be able to order his goods.

Due to globalization, there will be uniformity in the value of goods.

Due to globalization, the goods of all countries will be visible in all the markets of the world.

Question 10. Suppose you find two people arguing – one saying that globalization has harmed the development of our country, the other saying that globalization has helped India’s development. How would you answer these people?

Ans: I would say to those people that globalization has definitely helped in the development of India.

Indian economy has become strong due to globalization.

Globalization has led to the development of new technology.

Foreign trade is huge because of globalization.

Due to globalization, better employment opportunities have been received.

Globalization has increased competition in business.

Due to globalization there has been uniformity in the prices of goods.

Due to globalization even small traders are able to sell their goods abroad.

प्रश्न 11. रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए

दो दशक पहले की तुलना में भारतीय खरीददारों के पास वस्तुओं के अधिक विकल्प हैं। यह……….की प्रक्रिया से नजदीक से जुड़ा हुआ है। अनेक दूसरे देशों में उत्पादित वस्तुओं को भारत के बाजारों में बेचा जा रहा है। इसका अर्थ है कि अन्य देशों के साथ……….. बढ़ रहा है। इससे भी आगे भारत में बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों द्वारा उत्पादित ब्रांडों की बढ़ती संख्या हम बाजारों में देखते हैं। बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ भारत में निवेश कर रही हैं क्योंकि……… जबकि बाज़ार में उपभोक्ताओं के लिए अधिक विकल्प। इसलिए बढ़ते ……..और ……..के प्रभाव का अर्थ है, उत्पादकों के बीच अधिकतम……… ।

Ans: Globalization, Trade, Here they are getting good buyers, Foreign trade, Liberalization, Competition

Question 12. Match the following

(a) MNCs at cheaper rates than small producers

(b) taxes on imports and the use of quotas, trade

(c) Indian companies investing abroad.

(d) IT has helped in the spread of production of services.

(e) Many multinational companies have invested in the production.

(a) buys on motor vehicles.

(b) Clothing, footwear, sports goods are done for regulation.

(c) call center

(d) Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy

(e) trade barriers

Ans: (a) b (b) y (c) d (d) s (e) a.

Question 13. Choose the correct option

(i) Rapid movement has been observed in the last two decades of globalization

(a) the movement of goods, services and people between countries

(b) the movement of goods, services and investments between countries

(c) movement of goods, investments and people between countries.

(ii) The most common route of investment by MNCs in the countries of the world is

(a) Establishment of new factories

(b) Buying local companies.

(c) Partnering with local companies.

(iii) Globalization has helped in improving the standard of living

(a) of all people

(b) people of developed countries

(c) workers of developed countries

(d) none of the above

Ans (i) (c) movement of goods, investments and people between countries

(ii) (c) Partnering with local companies

(iii) (a) of all people