Ch-5. India, That Is Bharat

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. Discuss what could be the meaning of the quotation at the start of the chapter.

Ans: This quote shows that spiritual and cultural unity had been established in India since ancient times. Even though India is geographically spread from the Himalayas to the oceans, a common faith, tradition and cultural expressions remained united in its life stream. This unity has been the force that binds India amidst diversity.

Q 2. True or false?

• The Rig Veda describes the entire geography of India.
• The Vishnu Purāņa describes the entire Subcontinent.
• In Ashoka’s time, ‘Jambudvipa’ included what is today India, parts of Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
• The Mahabharata lists many regions, including Kashmir, Kutch, and Kerala.
• The term ‘Hindustan’ first appeared in a Greek inscription more than 2,000 years ago.
• In ancient Persian, the word ‘Hindu’ refers to the Hindu religion.
• ‘Bhārata’ is a name given to India by foreign travellers.

Ans: 

• The Rig Veda describes the entire geography of India.
• The Vishnu Purāņa describes the entire Subcontinent.
• In Ashoka’s time, ‘Jambudvipa’ included what is today India, parts of Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
• The Mahabharata lists many regions, including Kashmir, Kutch, and Kerala.
• The term ‘Hindustan’ first appeared in a Greek inscription more than 2,000 years ago.
• In ancient Persian, the word ‘Hindu’ refers to the Hindu religion.
• ‘Bhārata’ is a name given to India by foreign travellers.

Q 3. If you were born some 2,000 years ago and had the chance to name our country, what name or names might you have chosen, and why? Use your imagination!

Ans: If I were born 2,000 years ago, I would have named my country “Suvarnabhumi” as it would reflect its prosperity, culture, knowledge and natural beauty. India was then the “golden bird” with knowledge centres like Nalanda-Takshashila and a confluence of diverse religions. This name would reflect the country’s inclusive and proud identity.

Q 4. Why did people travel to India from various parts of the world in ancient times? What could be their motivations in undertaking such long journeys? (Hint: There could be at least four or five motivations)

Ans: In ancient times, people from different parts of the world travelled to India for several purposes, the main ones being:

1. For education and knowledge.

2. For trade and economic gain.

3. For religious and spiritual pursuits.

4. For the study of culture and art.

5. For political and diplomatic reasons.

For these reasons, India remained a major centre of the ancient world.

Ch-6. The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. Why does the civilisation studied in this chapter have several names? Discuss their significance.

This civilization was given names like Indus Valley Civilization, Harappa Civilization, Indus-Saraswati Civilization. These names have been given to this civilization due to the following reasons-

Indus Valley Civilization – It got its name due to its location on the banks of the Indus River. This name reflects its geographical expansion.

Harappa Civilization – Since the first major site of this civilization was Harappa, it was called “Harappa Civilization”. This name reflects its discovery and identity.

Indus-Saraswati Civilization – According to many archaeologists, this civilization developed not only on the banks of Indus but also on the banks of the extinct Saraswati River. This name reflects its wider area.

Importance of these names:

These names reflect the geographical location, culture, history, and order of discovery of the civilization.

Different names help us understand many characteristics of the civilization.

This shows that this civilization was not limited to only one area, but had a wide cultural influence.

Q 2. Write a brief report (150 to 200 words) summing up some of the achievements of the Indus-Sarasvati civilisation.

Ans: The Indus-Saraswati Civilization (about 3300-1300 BC) was one of the oldest and most developed urban civilizations in the world. Its major achievements are as follows:

The cities of this civilization, such as Harappa and Mohenjodaro, were built on a well-planned grid system.

The roads were straight and wide.

The houses were made of baked bricks.

It had the best drainage system in the world, with paved drains.

Wheat, barley and cotton were cultivated here.

Evidence of worship of Mother Goddess has been found here.

Q 3. Imagine you have to travel from the city of Harappa to Kalibangan. What are your different options? Can you make a rough estimation of the amount of time each option might take?

Ans: Travel options in ancient times: (Estimates of travel during the Indus-Saraswati Civilization)

Travel on foot – about 700-800 km, time: 30-40 days

Bullock cart or horse cart – time: 15-20 days

River route (along the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers) – time: 10-15 days

Travel options in modern times:

Railway (via Lahore-Bikaner) – time: 12-15 hours

Road route (via Lahore-Bikaner) – time: 10-12 hours

Air route (Lahore to Jaipur/Delhi, then by road) – total time: 6-8 hours

Conclusion: In ancient times, this journey used to take weeks, whereas with today’s modern means, it can be completed in hours.

Q 4. Let us imagine a Harappan man or woman being transported to an average kitchen in today’s India. What are the four or five biggest surprises awaiting them?

Ans: 

If a person from the Harappan civilization comes to today’s kitchen, these things will surprise him the most:

1. Gas stove and induction – Cooking food without burning wood will be like magic for them.

2. Steel and non-stick utensils – Such shining utensils instead of clay or bronze utensils will surprise them.

3. Refrigerator and microwave – These machines to keep food cold or hot will be a completely new thing for them.

4. Spices and packaged food – Different types of spices and readymade food items will seem very unique to them.

5. Taps and sinks – Seeing water coming out of the tap automatically and seeing the cleanliness in the sink will be like a miracle for them.

Thus, today’s kitchen will seem like a magical world to the Harappans.

Q 5. Looking at all the pictures in this chapter, make a list of the ornaments/gestures / objects that still feel familiar in our 21st century.

Ans: 

1. Jewellery:- bracelets, necklaces like Mangalsutra, hair ornaments like pearls or clips, rings

2. Gestures:- dance, joining hands, women sitting well-dressed

3. Objects:- comb, mirror, grinder, sindoor daan, utensils and earthen pots

Q 6. What mindset does the system of reservoirs at Dholavira reflect?

Ans:Dholavira’s system of reservoirs reflects advanced engineering and a deep understanding of water conservation.

Despite being located in an arid region, the people there adopted efficient techniques of rainwater harvesting and water management.

The well-planned architecture, canals, reservoirs and underground structures are an example of sustainable development and innovation.

This system makes it clear that the residents of Dholavira were environmentally conscious.

They were technically adept and believed in collective cooperation.

Q 7. In Mohenjo-daro, about 700 wells built with bricks have been counted. They seem to have been regularly maintained and used for several centuries. Discuss the implications.

Ans: About 700 brick-built wells have been found in Mohenjodaro, which show the people’s understanding of water management.

Good water system – Such a large number of wells shows that people planned ahead to meet their water needs.

High population – Many people lived in the city, so many wells were built to ensure that everyone had access to water.

Attention to cleanliness – Water was used not only for drinking, but also for bathing, cleaning, and perhaps in public bathrooms.

Societal responsibility – The maintenance of these wells shows that the society worked together and preserved water.

Technologically advanced – These wells made of baked bricks show that the people of Mohenjodaro were very skilled in construction and technology.

Q 8. It is often said that the Harappans had a high civic sense. Discuss the significance of this statement. Do you agree with it? Compare with citizens in a large city of India today.

The significance of this statement is that the people of Harappan Civilization were very responsible and disciplined citizens.

They kept their city clean and well-maintained.

Every house had a system of drains, wells and clean water.

They thought for the society, not just for themselves.

They followed the rules, so there are no signs of fights or violence.

Do I agree?

Yes, I agree that the Harappans were good and responsible citizens.

Comparison with today’s metropolises:

Dirt, traffic and water crisis are common in today’s cities.

Many people do not follow the rules.

Everyone thinks about their own benefit, not about the society.

So we learn from the people of Harappa how important it is to be a good citizen.

Ch-7. India’s Cultural Roots

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. If you were Nachiketa, what questions would you like to ask Yama? Write them down in 100-150 words.

Ans: If I were Nachiketa, I would ask Yama some important questions that would clarify the mysteries of life, death and soul. My questions would be as follows:

1. What happens to the soul after death? Is the soul immortal, or does it take rebirth? If yes, what is the effect of karma on it?

2. What is the real purpose of life? Is the pursuit of material pleasures the goal of life, or is the liberation of the soul the supreme goal?

3. How to identify dharma and adharma? Sometimes it becomes difficult to distinguish between right and wrong. What should be done to choose the right path?

4. How can a man be freed from fear? The fear of death, suffering and the unknown always remains. Is there any knowledge that can make the mind completely fearless?

5. What are satya and brahman? Is there any ultimate truth of the universe by knowing which all doubts can be eliminated?

Q 2. Explain a few central ideas of Buddhism. Briefly comment upon them.

The main ideas of Buddhism are as follows:-

1. Four Noble Truths

• Dukkha (suffering) is omnipresent in the world.
• This dukkha arises due to craving (desire).
• Dukkha can be ended by ending desires.
• Salvation is possible by following the Eightfold Path.

2. Eightfold Path:- Right vision, resolution, speech, action, livelihood, effort, memory and meditation.

3. Impermanence (Aniccha) – Everything in the world is changeable, nothing is permanent.

4. Anatman – There is no permanent soul, only the flow of karmas continues.

5. Karma and rebirth – A person’s karmas determine his future, and cause rebirth.

Brief Note:- The main objective of Buddhism is to remove the sufferings of human life and lead to enlightenment. It emphasizes on giving up material desires, leading a moral life and purifying the mind through meditation. Its teachings are important not only from religious but also from philosophical and moral point of view.

Q 3. Discuss in class the quotation of the Buddha which begins with “Not by water is one made pure, though many people may bathe here [in sacred rivers]” to make sure that its meaning has been understood by all.

Ans: “Water cannot purify a person, while many people bathe here (in the holy river).”

Meaning:- Gautam Buddha wants to explain through this quote that inner purity is more important, not the purity obtained only by external bathing or religious rituals. If a person is not morally correct, is prone to violence, lies, greed and bad deeds, then he cannot be purified by bathing in a holy river only.

Important points of discussion:

1. Can a person become pure only by external cleanliness?

2. Is true purity in the mind, thoughts and actions or is it obtained only by religious rituals?

3. How can true purity be achieved according to Buddha?

4. Is this quote relevant in today’s society?

Conclusion: This quote teaches that only religious rituals and external cleanliness will not do anything, but true purity comes from good thoughts, truth, non-violence and compassion.

Q 4. Explain a few central ideas of Jainism. Briefly comment upon them.

Ans: Some of the main ideas of Jainism are as follows:

1. Non-violence – Violence is considered the biggest sin in Jainism. It is forbidden to harm any living being physically, mentally or verbally.

2. Anekantavada – Truth is multidimensional. Every thing needs to be seen from different perspectives.

3. Aparigraha – Emphasis is laid on renouncing excessive material wealth and keeping only things as per the need.

4. Karma theory – Man’s good or bad deeds determine his life and rebirth.

5. Moksha Marg – Moksha can be achieved by purifying the soul through truth, non-violence, penance, self-restraint and meditation.

Brief note:- Jainism emphasizes strict discipline and moral life for self-purification and attainment of salvation. Its teachings are still relevant today due to the principles of non-violence, truth and aparigraha and are a guide towards personal and social peace.

Q 5. Consider and discuss in class André Béteille’s thought (see page 122).

Discussion points on Andre Beteille’s statement:-

Thousands of castes and tribes have lived in India since ancient times.

Over time, these groups have adopted many religious and cultural practices from each other.

Example: Many folk deities (such as Bhairava, Kali, Munda deities etc.) later became part of the mainstream worship system.

Shared celebration of festivals: Like Durga Puja in Bengal, it is also celebrated in tribal areas.

Religious places: All castes and tribes have equal rights over many temples or pilgrimages.

Similarity in customs: Many similarities are also found in the rites of marriage, birth or death.

Unity in India is possible despite diversity because traditions are interconnected.

Q 6. Make a list of popular gods and goddesses in your region and the festivals they are associated with.

देवी-देवता	उनसे जुड़ा त्योहार
भगवान राम	राम नवमी, दशहरा
देवी दुर्गा	नवरात्रि, दुर्गा पूजा
भगवान कृष्ण	जन्माष्टमी
भगवान शिव	महाशिवरात्रि
लक्ष्मी माता	दीपावली
भगवान गणेश	गणेश चतुर्थी
भगवान सूर्य	छठ पूजा

Q 7. As a class activity, list two or three tribal groups from region or State. Document some of their art and belief systems.

Tribal Groups:

1. Bhil

2. Gond

3. Santhal

Tradition and Belief System:

Bhil: Worship nature. Trees, rivers and animals are their gods. Traditional dance and bow-arrow are their identity.

Gond: Worship nature and ancestors. Consider mountains and rivers sacred. Celebrate festivals like ‘Karma’ and ‘Madai’.

Santhal: Follow “Sarna Dharma”. Worship trees and nature. Dance and music are an important part of life.

True or false

1. The Vedic hymns were written on palm-leaf manuscripts.

2. The Vedas are India’s oldest texts.

3. The Vedic statement ekam sat viprā bahudhā vadanti reflects a belief in the unity of cosmic powers.

4. Buddhism is older than the Vedas.

5. Jainism emerged as a branch of Buddhism.

6. Both Buddhism and Jainism advocated for peaceful coexistence and the avoidance of harm to all living beings.

7. Tribal belief systems are limited to belief in spirits and minor deities.

1. The Vedic hymns were written on palm-leaf manuscripts.

2. The Vedas are India’s oldest texts.

3. The Vedic statement ekam sat viprā bahudhā vadanti reflects a belief in the unity of cosmic powers.

4. Buddhism is older than the Vedas.

5. Jainism emerged as a branch of Buddhism.

6. Both Buddhism and Jainism advocated for peaceful coexistence and the avoidance of harm to all living beings.

7. Tribal belief systems are limited to belief in spirits and minor deities.

Class activity

1. Stage a small play with Yama, god of death, surrounded by several Nachiketas asking him questions about life.

Ch-8. Unity in Diversity, or ‘Many in the One’

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. Conduct a class discussion on the two quotations at the start of the chapter.

Both these quotes are beautiful expressions of India’s unity in diversity, which has been the hallmark of our country. The following points can be taken up while discussing in the class:

Quote by Tagore:

Rabindranath Tagore considers ‘unity in diversity’ as a touch of joy.

He prays that we should never lose the sense of unity hidden in this beautiful diversity.

This quote encourages humanity, tolerance and mutual understanding.

Quote by Sri Aurobindo:

He considers unity in diversity as the basis of India’s nature and existence.

The sense of “one in many” shows that despite having different religions, languages, cultures and customs, India is united as a nation.

This quote reflects the depth of India’s soul and culture.

Q 2. Read the National Anthem and its translation in the preliminary pages of this textbook. Where do you see the diversity? And where the unity? Write two or three paragraphs on this.

“Jana Gana Mana” is a beautiful depiction of diversity and unity. The national anthem mentions the various regions of India – Punjab, Sindhu, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravida (South India), Utkal (Odisha) and Bengal. It shows that the country has diversity of language, geography and culture, yet all are tied together by a single thread. The national anthem gives the message that despite the differences, everyone’s destiny is one and everyone together sings the Bharat Mata ki Jai.

Apart from this, the description of natural symbols like “Vindhya Himachal Yamuna Ganga” also shows the geographical diversity of India. Mountains, rivers, oceans – all together strengthen the unity of India. In this way, the national anthem not only honors the different regions and characteristics of India, but also shows that amidst all the diversity, we are all one – Bharatwasi.

Q 3. Select a few stories from the Panchatantra and discuss how their message is still valid today. Do you know of any similar stories from your region?

Let us choose famous stories from Panchtantra and discuss their messages relevant to today:

1. “Mitrabhed” – The Story of the Lion and the Jackal

This story shows the treachery and cunningness between a lion and his advisors, the jackals.

Message: Trust is important in friendship, but one should be cautious of superstitions and false advisors. Even in today’s time, whether in business or personal life, choosing the right friend is very important.

2. “The Story of the Crow and the Swan”

A crow tries to imitate the beautiful swan but fails.

Message: It is important to maintain your identity; copying others does not bring success. Even today, in the age of social media, when people are in a race to be like others, this story is very meaningful.

3. “The Tortoise and the Swan”

The swans want to fly and take the tortoise away, but the tortoise does not give up its habit of talking and falls down and loses its life.

Message: Discipline and restraint are essential. Even today, speaking or acting hastily and without thinking can be harmful.

Folktales related to my region (if we talk about Delhi or North India):

The stories of “Akbar-Birbal” are very famous.

The stories based on Birbal’s cleverness and intelligence still teach us that solutions can be found in difficult situations with patience and understanding. These stories also give moral lessons like Panchtantra.

Q 4. Collect a few folk tales from your region and discuss their message.

Some folktales from your region and their messages-

1. Heer-Ranjha (Punjab region):- The love story of Heer and Ranjha is one of the most famous love stories of the Indian subcontinent. This story depicts the struggle of two lovers between social constraints and family opposition.

Message:

Sacrifice and struggle are necessary for true love.

Love and truth should be respected even if it goes against social norms.

Equality and self-sacrifice are valued in love.

2. Raja Nala and Damyanti (Story related to Mahabharata):- The story of Raja Nala and Damyanti is a story of love, trust, and stability amidst difficulties. Nala struggles with his fate and circumstances but is finally reunited with Damyanti’s love and patience.

Message:

True love stands the test of time.

Any difficulty can be overcome with patience, trust and mutual cooperation.

3. The Lion and the Woodcutter (Folktale):- Once a woodcutter rescues a lion trapped in the jungle. Later the same lion becomes his friend and helps him after seeing his honesty and courage.

Message:

Compassion and helping can make anyone a friend, no matter how powerful he is.

Helping in times of crisis can prove to be auspicious for you in the future.

4. Mohan and the King of Snakes (Folktale of Haryana):- A simple boy named Mohan helps the King of Snakes. The King of Snakes blesses him with a special boon, which makes Mohan’s life happy and prosperous.

Message:

Selfless service and goodwill are sure to be rewarded.

Kindness and politeness towards others brings happiness in life.

5. Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra (Popular in North India):- King Harishchandra sacrifices his kingdom, family, and all his wealth to follow the truth. He faces many difficulties but never deviates from the truth.

Message:

Following the path of truth and righteousness is the highest duty.

One should stick to principles even in difficult situations.

Q 5. Is there any ancient story that you have seen being depicted through a form of art? It could be a sculpture, a painting, a dance performance, a movie … Discuss with your classmates.

Yes! I have seen the “Story of Nataraja” depicted or portrayed through art

Nataraj – Dancing Lord Shiva

Dialogue:

“Hello friends,

Today I would like to tell you about the story of ‘Nataraj’ and the art associated with it.

Nataraj is the form of Lord Shiva in which he performs Ananda Tandava. His dance is believed to symbolize the creation, preservation and destruction of the entire universe.

We can see this story through sculpture – especially in the famous bronze statues of South India, where Shiva is shown dancing within a circle. He has four hands, in which he holds a damaru and fire. This dance represents the constant change of life.

This statue and its story teach us that change is the law of the world. The dance of Nataraja also inspires us that it is necessary to maintain balance and rhythm in life.

Thank you.”

Q 6. Discuss in class the following quotation by India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, when he travelled to many parts of India before Independence:

“Everywhere I found a cultural background which had exerted a powerful influence on their lives…. The old epics of India, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and other books, in popular translations and paraphrases, were widely known among the masses, and every incident and story and moral in them was engraved on the popular mind and gave a richness and content to it. Illiterate villagers would know hundreds of verses by heart and their conversation would be full of references to them or to some story with a moral, enshrined in some old classic.”

Jawaharlal Nehru, while touring India, observed that India’s cultural traditions were deeply rooted in the lives of the people. Even illiterate villagers knew the stories of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and other scriptures by heart and their conversations reflected moral teachings. These epics linked the masses with life values ​​like morality, truth and religion and provided a cultural unity, which is still a deep identity of Indian society.

Ch-9. Family and Community

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. What are some of the rules you follow in your family and neighbourhood? Why are they important?

Rules to be followed in our family and neighbourhood:

1. Cleanliness: Keeping the house and surroundings clean, dumping garbage at the right place.

2. Punctuality: Getting up on time and going to work.

3. Respect and cooperation: Respecting every person and helping each other.

4. Health: Adopting healthy diet and exercise habits.

5. COVID-19 safety: Wearing a mask and maintaining social distance.

These rules are important so that we can have a healthy, organized and safe society.

Q 2. Do you think some rules are unfair to a few people in the family or community? Why?

Yes, sometimes rules can be unfair to some people in the family or community. The main reasons for this are:

1. Discrimination – Sometimes different rules are made on the basis of gender, age or social status, such as more restrictions for girls, while boys are given more freedom.

2. Traditional thinking – Some rules are based on old customs, which are not practical or appropriate in today’s time, but are still implemented.

3. Ignoring individual freedom – When group traditions are given more importance than the individual’s choice, interests or thoughts, then the rules may seem unfair.

4. Lack of justice and equality – If someone is punished for the same mistake and the other is spared, then this unequal treatment is unjust.

Conclusion: Every person should get equal rights and respect. Rules should be such that they are fair, just and timely for everyone.

Q 3. Describe several situations that you have observed where community support makes a difference. You can draw or write about these.

Benefits of community cooperation – an experience

Last year, the problem of waterlogging increased a lot in our locality. As soon as it rained, the roads would get flooded and people had difficulty in commuting. Then all the residents of the locality together contacted the Municipal Corporation, arranged for cleaning of the road and got the drains repaired. Some people also did Shramdaan.

With everyone’s cooperation, the problem was solved in a few days and cleanliness and facilities improved in the entire area. This made us understand that when we work together, even the biggest problems can be solved.

Ch-10. Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. Test yourself – What is the meaning of democracy? What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

Ans: Democracy means: Government by the people, for the people, and through the people.

Difference between direct democracy and representative democracy:-

Direct democracy: In which the people themselves make policies and decisions (eg referendum).

Representative democracy: In which the people elect their representatives who make decisions on their behalf (eg in India).

Q 2. Recall the three organs of government. What are their different roles?

There are three organs of government: 1. Legislature 2. Executive 3. Judiciary

Roles

1. Legislature: Making laws and deciding policies. Example: Parliament, Vidhan Sabha.

2. Executive: Implementing laws and running the government. Example: President, Prime Minister, Chief Minister, Administrative officers.

3. Judiciary: Interpreting the law and providing justice. Example: High Court, Supreme Court.

Q 3. Why do we need three tiers of government?

Need for three-tier government in India:

1. Wide area and population: Different areas have different problems.

2. Local needs: Local governments can solve ground level problems in a better way.

3. Democratic participation: People get an opportunity to participate in decision making.

4. Efficiency in administration: Division of work makes governance effective.

5. Decentralisation: Proper implementation of development plans is possible.

Q 4. Project: Many of you will remember the lockdown that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Make a list of all the actions that were taken at that time? Which tiers of government were involved in managing the situation?

What was the role of each of the organs of government?

Steps taken during COVID-19 lockdown:

1. Lockdown: Travel restrictions, schools, offices closed.

2. Health protection: COVID wards, increased testing, masks and social distancing.

3. Financial support: Relief packages for the poor and workers, free ration.

4. Vaccination: Vaccination of health workers and the elderly on priority.

5. Information dissemination: COVID related information and helpline numbers.

Levels of government:

1. Central government: Policy and financial support, control of interstate travel.

2. State government: Enforcing lockdown rules, managing hospitals.

3. Local government: Enforcing social distancing, providing essential services.

Role of organs of government:

1. Legislature: Making laws related to COVID.

2. Executive: Enforcing lockdown, managing health services.

3. Judiciary: Protection of civil rights and adjudicating on matters related to hospitals.

Ch-11. Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government in Rural Areas

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. Test yourself – without looking at the text above, can you name the three tiers of the Panchayati Raj system? What are the key functions of each of the three tiers?

Three levels of Panchayati Raj and their functions:

1. Gram Panchayat (village level): Looks after village sanitation, water, roads, education and health.

2. Panchayat Samiti (block level): Monitors gram panchayats, implements development plans.

3. Zila Parishad (district level): Planning, budgeting and monitoring of schemes across the district.

This system has been created for the development and participation of rural areas.

Q 2. Write a letter to the Sarpanch regarding the issue of plastic bags lying on the roadside in the village.

To,

Shriman Sarpanch Ji,

Gram Panchayat—[Name of your village],

District—[Name of the district].

Subject: Request for cleaning of plastic bags lying on the roadside.

Sir,

It is humbly requested that a large number of plastic bags and other garbage have accumulated on both sides of the main road of our village. This is not only spreading dirt, but also polluting the environment. Plastic is also causing harm to animals, who sometimes eat them.

You are humbly requested to solve this problem soon. To maintain cleanliness in the village, regular cleaning system should be done and awareness campaign should be run to stop the use of plastic.

We villagers will always be grateful for your kindness.

Regards,

[Your name]

[Name of the village]

[Date]

Q 3. In your view, what type of person should be a Gram Panchayat member?

In my opinion, a member of the Gram Panchayat can be a person who is honest, responsible, public servant, aware of the local problems and dedicated towards the development of the village.

Q 4. Let us suppose that you study in a village school. The school is located next to a highway and students find it difficult to cross the road when they come to school or leave at the end of the day. What are the options to solve this issue? Which institutions in the Panchayati Raj can help you? What can the students do?

Solution options:

1. Make zebra crossings and speed breakers on the road.

2. Post traffic signals and security personnel near the school.

3. Make an underpass or foot over bridge.

Punjabi Raj Institutions that can help:

Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad—they can implement schemes related to road safety and construction.

What students can do:

Give an application to the Pradhan or Panchayat Samiti.

Run a signature campaign.

Meet the officials along with the teacher.

Ch-12. Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government in Urban Areas

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. On your way to school, you and your friends notice that a water pipe is leaking. A lot of water is being wasted on account of the leak. What would you and your friends do in such a situation?

If while coming to school we and our friends notice that a water pipe is leaking and a lot of water is getting wasted, we will take the following steps:

If possible, try to stop the leaking pipe by tying a cloth or plastic.

If the valve of the pipe is visible, try to close it.

Inform the water department (Nagar Nigam or Gram Panchayat).

Request the water department to take suitable measures to monitor such leakage in future.

Q 2. Invite a member of an urban local body near you to your class. Discuss with them their role and responsibilities. Prepare a set of questions to ask them so that the meeting is fruitful.

Short list of questions to ask a local body member:

1. What are your main responsibilities?

2. How is cleanliness and garbage management done?

3. How is the water and drainage system?

4. How are complaints resolved?

5. How are roads and street lights maintained?

6. How do you interact with citizens?

7. What steps are taken for environment and cleanliness?

Q 3. Discuss with adult members of your family and neigh-bourhood, and make a list of their expectations from the urban local bodies.

Brief expectations of adults from urban local bodies:

Cleanliness: Regular garbage collection and street cleaning.

Drinking water: Clean and regular water supply.

Roads and lights: Good roads and street lights everywhere.

Health services: Free treatment and cleanliness drives.

Education: Good government schools and libraries.

Drainage: No waterlogging during rains.

Grievance redressal: Quick and transparent system.

Parks and entertainment: Parks for children and the elderly.

Security: CCTV and security patrolling.

Environment: Tree plantation and pollution control.

Q 4. Make a list of characteristics of a good urban local body.

The following should be the characteristics of a good Urban Local Body:

Transparent and accountable administration to solve the problems of citizens.

Proper arrangement of clean drinking water supply and water conservation.

Arrangement of 24×7 electricity supply and street lighting.

Repair and expansion of roads, traffic management.

Ensuring cleanliness under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

Availability of primary health centers, hospitals and emergency medical services.

Availability of government schools and libraries.

Well-organized public transport system, like bus, metro, e-rickshaw.

Tree plantation drive and development of green areas.

Facilities of CCTV cameras and helplines for women safety.

Q 5. What are the similarities and differences between the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas and the urban local bodies?

Similarities between Panchayati Raj system and urban local bodies:-

1. Democratic system – Both institutions are elected by the public.

2. Three-tier structure – Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad in Panchayati Raj; Nagar Panchayat, Municipality, Municipal Corporation in urban bodies.

3. Financial resources – Receive funds from taxes, government grants etc.

4. Responsibility of development works – Provide services like education, health, water supply, road construction etc.

differences

Panchayati Raj (Rural Areas):

1. Works in villages and rural areas.

2. Set up by the 73rd Amendment in 1992.

3. Has 3 levels – Gram Panchayat, Block Samiti, Zila Parishad.

4. Looks after rural roads, water, sanitation, farming, housing.

5. Gets money from government grants and local taxes.

Urban Local Bodies (Urban Areas):

1. Works in towns and cities.

2. Set up by the 74th Amendment in 1992.

3. Includes Nagar Panchayats, Municipalities, and Corporations.

4. Manages roads, garbage, water, transport, health in cities.

5. Earns from taxes like property tax and service charges.

Conclusion:- Panchayati Raj system works for villages and urban bodies work for the administration and development of cities. The objective of both is to provide local self-governance and basic facilities to the citizens.

Ch-13. The Value of Work 

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. How are economic activities different from non-economic activities?

Difference between economic activities and non-economic activities-

Economic activities

Non-economic activities

These are the activities which are done to earn money.

These activities are not done to earn money but due to personal affection, respect, social service or love.

In return for this activity, a person receives salary, profit or income.

There is no economic benefit for this activity.

A doctor treating a patient by taking a fee, a farmer growing a crop, a teacher giving tuition.

A mother teaching her child, social service, spending time with friends.

आर्थिक गतिविधियां	गैर-आर्थिक गतिविधियां
ये गतिविधियाँ जो धन कमाने के लिए की जाती है।	ये गतिविधियाँ धन कमाने के लिए नहीं, बल्कि व्यक्तिगत स्नेह, आदर, सामाजिक सेवा या प्रेम-भावना के कारण की जाती हैं।
इस गतिविधि के बदले में व्यक्ति को वेतन, लाभ या आय प्राप्त होती है।	इस गतिविधि के लिए कोई आर्थिक लाभ नहीं मिलता।
डॉक्टर द्वारा फीस लेकर मरीज का इलाज, किसान द्वारा फसल उगाना, शिक्षक द्वारा ट्यूशन पढ़ाना।	माँ का अपने बच्चे को पढ़ाना, समाजसेवा, मित्रों के साथ समय बिताना।

Q 2. What kind of economic activities do people engage in? Illustrate with examples.

People are involved in different types of economic activities, which are mainly divided into three categories:

1. Primary economic activities:- These activities are related to the direct use of natural resources.

Examples:

Agriculture: Farmers cultivate crops.

Fishing: Fishermen catch fish from the sea or rivers.

Mining: People extract coal, iron ore, gold, etc.

2. Secondary economic activities:- In this, useful goods are made by processing raw materials.

Examples:

Industry: Steel, textile, cement, automobile manufacturing.

Construction work: Building buildings, roads, bridges, etc.

Handicrafts: Making goods by potters, carpenters, jewelers.

3. Tertiary economic activities:- It includes activities related to services, which connect production and consumer.

Examples:

Transportation: Movement of goods and people by bus, train, truck, etc.

Trade: Shopkeepers and traders sell goods.

Health services: Doctors, nurses, hospitals provide services.

Education: Teachers teach in schools and colleges.

Banking and Finance: Banks, insurance, stock market provide services.

Q 3. There is great value attached to people who are engaged in community service activities. Comment on this statement.

“People engaged in community service activities are highly respected” – this statement is completely true and relevant.

Community service means working for the betterment of the society without any selfish motives.

People engaged in such work invest their time, energy and resources for the betterment of the society.

These people contribute to the progress of the society with a spirit of service.

People engaged in community service are the true heroes of the society. Be it teachers, doctors, social workers, their sacrifice and hard work contribute significantly to the development of the society, so they are highly respected.

Q 4. What are the various ways in which people are compensated for various economic activities? Give some examples.

People engaged in different economic activities are paid different types of remuneration for their work. It depends on the type of their job, profession or business. Remuneration can be mainly divided into the following types:

1. Wages:- When people receive payment on a daily, weekly or monthly basis, it is called wages. Example: A factory worker gets a daily wage of ₹ 500 per day.

2. Salary:- People who are regularly employed in a company or government department get monthly salary. Example: A teacher gets a salary of ₹ 50,000 every month.

3. Commission:- In some jobs, a person is given a certain percentage of sales or profit instead of a fixed salary. Example: An insurance agent gets 10% commission on selling a policy.

4. Profit:- People who do their own business earn profits from the sale of their product or services.

Example: A shop owner made a sale of ₹1,00,000 and earned a profit of ₹20,000.

5. Honorarium:- There is no fixed salary for some jobs, but the person is given a respectable amount in return for his service. Example: A guest lecturer is given an honorarium of ₹5000 per lecture.

Ch-14. Economic Activities Around Us

Questions, activities and projects

Q 1. What is the primary sector? How is it different from the secondary sector? Give two examples.

The primary sector deals with economic activities that are based on the direct exploitation of natural resources. It includes industries that obtain raw materials from natural sources, such as agriculture, fishing, mining and forestry.

Difference from Tertiary Sector:-

1. The primary sector focuses on the exploitation of natural resources, while the tertiary sector is based on services and distribution.

2. The primary sector requires physical labour and natural resources, while skills and knowledge-based services are important in the tertiary sector.

Examples:

Primary sector: agriculture (wheat cultivation), mining (coal extraction)

Tertiary sector: banking services, transport (bus, railway)

Q 2. How does the secondary sector depend on the tertiary sector? Illustrate with a few examples.

The secondary sector comprises of industries that process raw materials obtained from the primary sector into useful products. It mainly deals with manufacturing and construction industries, such as factories, machine building, textile industries, etc.

However, the operation of the secondary sector depends on the tertiary sector as it requires various services, such as transportation, marketing, financial aid and communication.

Dependency of the secondary sector on the tertiary sector:-

1. Transportation and logistics: A car manufacturing company (secondary sector) needs transportation services (tertiary sector) to bring raw materials (steel, rubber) and to transport the finished cars to the market.

Example: Tata Motors needs transport and shipping services to ship vehicles within the country and abroad.

2. Marketing and sales: Advertising, branding and sales services (tertiary sector) are needed to sell the goods produced in the secondary sector.

Example: Companies like Pepsi and Coca-Cola take the help of marketing agencies to sell their products.

3. Banking and Finance: Companies have to take loans from banks and financial institutions (tertiary sector) for production and expansion.

Example: A steel factory may have to take a loan from a bank to buy new machines.

4. IT and Communication Services: IT and telecom services (tertiary sector) are needed for production, management and customer service.

Example: Companies use digital marketing and web services to sell products on online e-commerce platforms.

Conclusion: The secondary sector cannot function smoothly without the tertiary sector. It has to depend on the tertiary sector for the manufacture, distribution, marketing, financial support and communication of its products.

Q 3. Give an example of interdependence between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Show it using a flow diagram.

Example of interdependence of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors: “Textile Industry”

1. Primary Sector: Raw material is produced, such as cotton cultivation.

2. Secondary Sector: Cotton is converted into cloth, i.e. clothes are made in the textile industry.

3. Tertiary Sector: Services like delivering finished clothes to the market, selling, advertising and transportation are needed.

Flowchart:

[Primary Sector]

↓ (Raw Material)

[Secondary Sector]

↓ (Manufacturing and Processing)

[Tertiary Sector]

↓ (Transportation, Marketing, Sales)

[Product reaches the consumer]

Detailed Flowchart:

[Cotton Cultivation] → (Supply of Raw Material) → [Yarn and Cloth Manufacturing in Textile Mills]

→ (Manufacturing and Processing) → [Wholesalers and Retailers]

→ (Marketing and Sales) → [Reached the Consumer]

Conclusion: If there is no primary sector (cotton cultivation), the textile industry will close down.

If there is no secondary sector (textile manufacturing), the raw material will become useless.

If there is no tertiary sector (transportation and sales), the finished clothes will not reach the consumers.

Thus, these three sectors are interdependent and together run the economy.