History

1: How, When and Where 

Que 1: State whether true or false:

(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian. 

(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.

(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.

Ans:

(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian.   True

(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.       False 

(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.              True

Que 2: What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers? 

Ans: In 1817, Scottish economist and political philosopher James Mill wrote the book A History of British India (History of British India) in three volumes. It has the following problems.

1. This time division has been done on the basis of religion.

2. This period of division was based on colonial ideology.

3. The purpose of this time partition was to divide Indians by giving them different identities.

Que 3: Why did the British preserve official documents? 

Ans: The British kept the government documents safe in the following ways

1. He made record rooms in all government institutions.

2. Get their own record rooms made in Tehsil Office, Collectorate, Commissioner’s Office, Provincial Secretariat, Court.

3. To keep important documents safe, institutions like archives and museums should also be made.

Que 4: How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

Ans: The information that historians get from old newspapers is accurate and detailed. It is gathered objectively by reporters. While the police report is likely to be biased, because the police report depends on the thinking of the government, pressure from the superiors and the personality of the investigating officer.

Que 5: Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of young people in school. What can a historian derive from such surveys?

Ans: The following are some examples of surveys.

1. Census.

2. Revenue Survey.

3. Botanical Survey

4. Archaeological Survey

Toy companies also find out the preferences of children through surveys.

The government ascertains the number of children in schools on the basis of a survey.

Historians collect various information from surveys. This helps them to write on important topics of the society.

2: From trade to territory 

Que 1: Match the following:

Diwani Tiger of Mysore  faujdari adalat Rani Channamma Sipahi

Tipu Sultan right to collect land revenue Sepoy criminal court  led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Ans:

Diwani Tiger of Mysore  faujdari adalat Rani Channamma Sipahi

right to collect land revenue Tipu Sultan criminal court led an anti-British movement in Kitoor Sepoy

Que 2: Fill in the blanks:

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of __________.

(b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of____________.

(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of___________.

(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the __________part of India.

Ans:

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of Plassey.

(b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of Mysore.

(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of Lapse.

(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the south-western part of India.

Que 3: State whether true or false:

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.

(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India. 

(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.

(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

Ans:

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century. False

(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India. False

(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab. True 

(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.   False

Que 4: What attracted European trading companies to India?

Ans: European trading companies were attracted to India due to the following reasons:

(i) Indian cotton and silk was in great demand in Europe.

(ii) There was also a demand for black pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon.

(iii) Goods could be bought at cheap price from India and sold at expensive prices, due to which they got more profit.

Que 5: What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?

Ans: (i) The Nawabs of Bengal refused to grant trade concessions to the Company.

(ii) They used to demand tribute from the Company in return for giving them the right to trade.

(iii) The company was not given the right to mint coins.

(iv) The Nawab Stopped from expanding fortification.

(v) The East India Company was not ready to pay taxes.

(vi) English officers wrote insulting letters for him.

Que 6: How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company? 

Ans: The East India Company benefited from the acquisition of Diwani in the following ways:

(i) The Company got control over the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

(ii) The Company no longer needed to bring gold from Britain.

(iii) The Company could buy cotton and silk cloth in India with this revenue,

(iv) The profits of the company could meet the expenses of the forts and offices.

Que 7: Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

Ans: (i) Subsidiary Alliance was started by Lord Wellesley. 

(ii) According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. 

(iii) They were to be protected by the Company.

(iv) The Rulers had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” to the company for the maintenance of the army.

(v) If the Indian rulers defaulted on paying the amount, the company would take possession of their territory as a fine.

Que 8: In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

Ans: (i) The administration of the Company was broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies.

(ii) At that time there were three Presidencies – Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Their administrator was the governor.

(iii) The Governor General was Head of them.

(iv) Criminal and civil courts were set up in every district.

(v) Collector was the highest post in the district, whose job was to collect revenue and taxes and to maintain law and order.

Que 9: Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

Ans: 

(i) The company started recruiting professional soldiers in the army.

(ii) They developed more infantry regiment.

(iii) These soldiers were taught training, exercise and discipline from European techniques.

Que 10: After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city. Find out about the culture, architecture and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.

Ans: In Calcutta city following structure are being European culture and architecture:

• The Old Fort William.
• Writer’s Building 
• Victoria Memorial
• Hawrah Bridge 

Que 11: Collect pictures, stories, poems and information about any of the following: 

The Rani of Jhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar Ali, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalhousie or any other contemporary ruler of your region. 

Ans: Do yourself.

3: Ruling the Countryside

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1: Match the following:

ryot mahal nij ryoti

village peasant cultivation on ryot’s lands cultivation on planter’s own land

Ans:

ryot mahal nij ryoti

peasant village cultivation on planter’s own land cultivation on ryot’s lands

Que 2: Fill in the blanks:

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw_______  as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.

(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of_________.

(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of___________.

(d) The Champaran movement was against___________.

Ans:

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw Indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.

(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of industrialisation.

(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of Synthetic dyes.

(d) The Champaran movement was against Indigo planters.

Let’s discuss

Que 3: Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.

Ans: 

(1) Rajas and Talukdars were recognized as Zamindars.

(2) They were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company.

(3) The fixed amount to be paid by the Zamindar.

(4) It will not increase in the future.

Que 4: How was the mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?

Ans:

S. No.	Permanent Settlement	Mahalwari Settlement
1.	Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bihar and Bengal.	The Mahalwari System was introduced in North and Central India.
2.	The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the rajas and taluqdars.	The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman.
3.	The amount to be paid as land revenue was fixed.	The amount of land revenue was revised periodically.
4.	The government does not enhance the land revenue.	The government could revise the revenue.

Que 5: Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

Ans: Two problems are following which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

1. Revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand.Peasants were unable to pay the revenue.
2. The ryots were running away from the villages. Villages were deserted in many regions. The officers hoped that the new system would transform the peasants into rich enterprising farmers. But this did not happen.

Que 6: Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

Ans: 

1. The ryots were given advance loans for the cultivation of indigo, the terms of which were very rigid.
2. They got very less price for indigo and the cycle of loans never ended.
3. The cultivation of indigo exhausted the soil rapidly. 
4. After an indigo harvest the land could not be sown with rice.

These are the reasons why the ryots were reluctant to grow indigo.

Que 7: What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal? 

Ans: Indigo production in Bengal collapsed due to the following circumstances:

1. In March 1859, the farmers of Bengal refused to cultivate indigo.
2. Distressed by this rebellion, the government constituted the Indigo Commission.
3. The commission found the planters guilty.
4. Farmers were told that they can stop indigo cultivation.

Thus indigo production in Bengal collapsed.

Que 8: Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.

Ans: The Champaran Movement of 1917 was the first satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in British India. It was a farmer’s uprising that took place in Champaran district of Bihar in the Indian subcontinent, during the British colonial period. The farmers were protesting against having to grow indigo with barely any payment for it.

When Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. He saw peasants in Northern India oppressed by indigo planters, he tried to use the same methods that he had used in South Africa to organize mass uprisings by people to protest against injustice.

Que 9: Look into the history of either tea or coffee plantations in India. See how the life of workers in these plantations was similar to or different from that of workers in indigo plantations.

Ans: Do yourself.

4:Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1: Fill in the blanks:

(a) The British described the tribal people as___________.

(b) The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation is known as_________.

(c) The tribal chiefs got______titles in central India under the British land settlements.

(d) Tribals went to work in the______of Assam and the______in Bihar.

Ans:

(a) The British described the tribal people as uncivilized. 

(b) The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation is known as shifting cultivation.

(c) The tribal chiefs got Sirdar’s (leaders) titles in central India under the British land settlements. 

(d) Tribals went to work in the tea gardens of Assam and the Indigo plantations in Bihar.

Que 2: State whether true or false:

(a) Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds.

(b) Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price.

(c) Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery. 

(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life.

Ans:

(a) Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds.   False

(b) Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price. True

(c) Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery. True 

(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life.  False

Let’s discuss

Que 3: What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?

Ans: 

(i) The British fixed the share of each person by measuring the land.

(ii) They also decided who would have to pay how much rent.

(iii) Only a few farmers were declared as landowners and others as tenants.

(iv) The farmers paid rent to their landlords and the landlords paid rent to the government.

(v) Due to lack of water and dry soil, the shifting farmers could never produce a good crop.

Que 4: How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?

Ans: 

1. The functions and authority of the tribal chiefs had changed considerably under colonial rule.
2. They got the ownership rights of land in many villages, but their administrative powers were taken away.
3. They were forced to follow the rules made by the British authorities.
4. They had to pay tribute to the British and discipline their groups as the representative of the British.

Que 5: What accounts for the anger of the Tribals against the Dikus? 

Ans:

1. The tribals were worried about the changes taking place around them due to Dikus.
2. He was facing many problems due to the British rule.
3. Their familiar way of life seemed to be crumbling.
4. Their livelihood was in danger and religion was disintegrating.

Que 6: What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?

Ans: In Birsa’s imagination, in the golden age, the Munda people lived a good life, built embankments, controlled natural springs, planted trees and gardens, did farming to make a living. They did not quarrel with each other. People found this idea attractive because they were fed up with the atrocities of the British. Their way of life was about to be destroyed. He wanted to bring back the golden age.

Let’s do

Que 7: Find out from your parents, friends or teachers, the names of some heroes of other tribal revolts in the twentieth century. Write their story in your own words.

Ans: Do yourself.

Que 8: Choose any tribal group living in India today. Find out about their customs and way of life, and how their lives have changed in the last 50 years.

Ans: Santhal Rebellion: Santhal group migrated from Birbhum, Hazaribagh, Bankura and Rohtas to settle in Jharkhand. They considered themselves the owners of the land on which they were living. Some moneylenders also supported the protest. On June 30, 1855, the Santhals declared themselves independent. Under the leadership of Sindhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu, took an oath to fight against British rule till the last breath.

5: When People Rebel

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1: What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?

Ans: Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi demanded that the British should accept her adopted son as the heir of Jhansi. But the British rejected his demand. The British had made a “policy of laps” to grab the Indian states, according to which if the Indian king died without leaving any heir, then that state would be merged with the British rule.

Que 2: What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?

Ans: The British made a new law to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity. There was a provision of this law that if an Indian adopts Christianity, then he will have the same rights on the property of his ancestors as before.

Que 3: What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?

Ans: The sepoys refused to use the new cartridges because they thought that the new cartridges were coated with cow and pig fat.

Que 4: How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life? 

Ans: The last Mughal emperor spent the last years of his life in a prison in Rangoon.

Let’s discuss

Que 5: What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?

Ans: Before May 1857 the British had the following reasons for confidence in their position in India:

1. The British considered the Indian soldiers to be reliable.
2. They actively participated in important battles.
3. The British felt that the upheaval caused by the cartridges would calm down after a while.

Que 6: What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?

Ans: Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebels had the following effects on the people and the rulling families:

1. Rest of the army units of the country also started mutiny.
2. People from towns and villages also started joining the rebellion.
3. All the local leaders, landlords and chiefs also started organizing the people.
4. In Kanpur, Nana Saheb gathered an army and chased away the British soldiers.
5. Begum Hazrat Mahal revolted against the British in Lucknow.
6. In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai gave a huge challenge to the British.

Que 7: How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh? 

Ans: The British succeeded in obtaining the submission of the rebellious zamindars of Awadh in the following ways.

1. The British made every possible effort to win the trust of the landowners.
2. He announced rewards for loyal landowners.
3. They were assured that their traditional rights over the lands would remain.
4. If they surrender, they will be safe and claimants of the lands.

Que 8: In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?

Ans: As a result of the rebellion of 1857, the British made the following changes in their policies:

1. Transferred the powers of the East India Company to the British Crown.
2. The Indian kings were assured that their lands would not be encroached upon in future.
3. The adopted son of the kings would also be considered as the successor.
4. It was decided that the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army would be reduced and the number of European soldiers would be increased.
5. The British decided that they would respect Indian customs, religion, traditions and social practices.
6. The rights of the landowners and zamindars over their lands were secured.

Let’s do

Que 9: Find out stories and songs remembered by people in your area or your family about San Sattavan ki Ladaai. What memories do people cherish about the great uprising?

Ans: Do yourself.

Que 10: Find out more about Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. In what ways would she have been an unusual woman for her times?

Ans: Rani Lakshmi Bai was born around 1828 in Banaras. At the age of 14, she was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi. After a few years she gave birth to a son but he died after a few days. In 1853, Maharaj Gangadhar Rao adopted Damodar Rao. After that Maharaj died of illness. Rani Lakshmibai was an extraordinary woman of her time. The queen declared Damodar Rao as her successor. The British rejected this claim of the queen and under the ‘policy of laps’ decided to merge her state with the English rule. Rani Lakshmibai decided to fight against the British. He created an army of both men and women. There was a war with the British for two weeks in which Rani fought the British army very bravely.

6: Civilising the Native , Educating the Nation 

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1. Match the following:

William Jones Rabindranath TagoreThomas MacaulayMahatma GandhiPathshalas

promotion of English educationrespect for ancient cultures guruslearning in a natural environmentcritical of English education

Ans 

William Jones Rabindranath TagoreThomas MacaulayMahatma GandhiPathshalas

respect for ancient cultures guruspromotion of English educationcritical of English educationlearning in a natural environment

Que 2. State whether true or false: 

(a) James Mill was a severe critic of the Orientalists.

(b) The 1854 Despatch on education was in favour English being introduced as a medium of higher education in India.

(c) Mahatma Gandhi thought that promotion of literacy was the most important aim of education.

(d) Rabindranath Tagore felt that children ought to be subjected to strict discipline.

Ans: 

(a) James Mill was a severe critic of the Orientalists. True 

(b) The 1854 Despatch on education was in favour English being introduced as a medium of higher education in India. True 

(c) Mahatma Gandhi thought that promotion of literacy was the most important aim of education. False 

(d) Rabindranath Tagore felt that children ought to be subjected to strict discipline. False 

Let’s discuss

Que 3. Why did William Jones feel the need to study Indian history, philosophy and law?

Ans:

1. William Jones had a deep respect for ancient cultures.
2. He believed that Indian civilization was at the peak of its glory in ancient times but later it went on declining.
3. In his opinion, it was very important to find and understand the sacred and legal texts written in ancient times to understand India.
4. He believed that the real thoughts and laws of Hindus and Muslims can be understood through these works only.
5. And the basis of India’s future development can be created only by the re-study of these creations.

Que 4. Why did James Mill and Thomas Macaulay think that European education was essential in India?

Ans: James Mill and Thomas Macaulay considered European education essential in India. The reasons for this were fellow:

1. In their opinion, education should be knowledge of useful and practical things.
2. According to them, emphasis should be laid on scientific and technical education in India.
3. Macaulay believed that the knowledge of English would give Indians the opportunity to read the best literature of the world.
4. People here will be able to get aware of the developments in the field of science and philosophy.

Que 5. Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to teach children handicrafts?

Ans:

1. Gandhiji argued that education should develop the mind and soul of a person.
2. In his opinion, mere acquisition of the ability to read and write is not education.
3. For this, people have to work with their hands, they have to learn skills.
4. One has to know how different things work.
5. This develops both their brain and their ability to understand.

Que 6. Why did Mahatma Gandhi think that English education had enslaved Indians?

Ans: 

1. Mahatma Gandhi said that colonial education had created a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians.
2. Under its influence, the people of this place have started considering western civilization as superior and their sense of pride towards their culture has been destroyed.
3. Mahatma Gandhi said that this education is full of poison, it is sinful, it has enslaved Indians, it has influenced people.
4. According to him, the Indians studying in these institutions, who were overwhelmed by the West, admired everything that came from the West, came to love the British rule.
5. Mahatma Gandhi was in favor of an education that would revive the sense of dignity and self-respect within Indians.

Let’s do

Que 7. Find out from your grandparents about what they studied in school. 

Ans:

पुराने जमाने में शारीरिक शिक्षा और धार्मिक शिक्षा की पढ़ाई होती थी।

पहले के दिनों में लिखावट, सुलेख और श्रुतलेख जैसे विषय भी होते थे।

बहुत से स्कूलों में होम साइंस, वुडवर्क, मेटलवर्क और कृषि विज्ञान जैसे विषय भी पढ़ाए जाते थे।

Que 8. Find out about the history of your school or any other school in the area you live.

Ans: Do yourself.

8: Making the National Movement 

Exercises

Let’s recall

Que 1. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?

Ans: People were dissatisfied with the British rule in the 1870s and 1880s because of the following reasons:

1. The British passed the Arms Act in 1878 through which the right to keep arms was taken away from Indians.
2. In the same year the Vernacular Press Act was also passed by which the freedom of the press was taken away.
3. The Ilbert Bill was withdrawn by the British Government which was to be brought to establish equality between British and Indian judges.
4. All these incidents reveal the intentions of the British. People were dissatisfied with the British rule.

Que 2. Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

Ans: The Indian National Congress was speaking in favor of all the communities of India.

Que 3. What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

Ans: The First World War had the following economic effects on India –

1. Due to this war, there was a huge increase in the defense expenditure of the British.
2. To meet this expenditure, the government increased taxes.
3. Due to the increase in military expenditure and war supplies, there was a huge jump in the prices of essential things.
4. The life of the common people became difficult and the traders made huge profits.
5. In this war, the demand for industrial goods (jute bags, clothes, tracks) increased and imports from other countries decreased.

Que 4. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?

Ans: In 1940, the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding “independent states” for Muslims in the northwestern and eastern regions of the country. There was no mention of partition or Pakistan in this resolution. The Muslim League was demanding an autonomous system.

 Let’s discuss

Que 5. Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule? 

Ans: Moderates were those leaders who wanted their participation in governance. He adopted the middle path opposing the policies of the government. The moderate leaders wanted to make the public aware of the unjust character of British rule. They brought out newspapers, wrote articles and tried to prove that British rule was leading the country towards economic ruin. They condemned British rule in his speeches and sent his representatives to different parts of the country to create public opinion.

Que 6. How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

Ans: The radical radical wing of the Congress is also known as the Garam Dal. He started questioning the methods of the centrists. They started criticizing the politics of request. He emphasized on the importance of self-reliance and creative works. He believed that people should rely on their own strength and not on the good intentions of the government. People should fight for Swaraj.

Que 7. Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?

Ans: In the non-cooperation movement people participated in their own way which is as follows:

1. In Kheda, Gujarat, the Patidar peasants launched a non-violent campaign against the heavy rent imposed by the British.
2. Liquor shops were cordoned off in coastal Andhra Pradesh and interior Tamil Nadu.
3. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor farmers did a lot of “forest satyagraha”.
4. In many forest villages, the farmers declared Swaraj. They hoped that Gandhiraj would soon be established.
5. In Punjab, the Sikhs started the Akali movement, which appeared to be closely related to the non-cooperation movement.

People looked upon Gandhiji as a messiah, a man who could deliver them from troubles and poverty.

Que 8. Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

Ans: Gandhiji decided to break the salt law because salt was used by both the rich and the poor. It was an integral part of the meal. By opposing the salt law, Gandhiji wanted to involve the general public in the movement. People enthusiastically participated in Gandhi’s Dandi march to break the salt law. Hence, the Salt Yatra proved to be an effective symbol for the movement.

Que 9. Discuss those developments of the 1937–47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Ans: The following events took place between 1937 and 1947, as a result of which Pakistan was born: –

1. The defeat in the 1937 elections convinced the Muslim League that Muslims were a minority and would always have to play a secondary role in any democratic structure.
2. The Muslim League was apprehensive that it might not get representation at all.
3. In the 1940s, most of the Congress leaders were in jail, during which time the League started making its impact.
4. In the provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League won a landslide victory on the reserved seats.
5. Muslim League started mass movements to get the demand of “Pakistan”. The League called for 16 August 1946 to be observed as “Direct Action Day”.

Let’s do

Que 10. Find out how the national movement was organised in your city, district, area or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?

Ans: Do yourself.

Que 11. Find out more about the life and work of any two participants or leaders of the national movement and write a short essay about them. You may choose a person not mentioned in this chapter.

Ans: Do yourself.

Geography 

1: Resources

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions. 

(i) Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?

Ans: The distribution of natural resources depends on physical factors like terrain, climate and altitude. The distribution of resources is unequal because these factors differ so much over the earth.

(ii) What is resource conservation?

Ans: Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation.

(iii) Why are human resources important?

Ans: Human resources are important because human beings only help in creating valuable resources. Knowledge, skill and technology are needed to create more resources. 

(iv) What is sustainable development?

Ans: Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called sustainable development.

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following does NOT make substance a resource?

(a) utility

(b) value

(c) quantity

Ans: (c ) quantity

(ii) Which one of the following is a human made resource?

(a) medicines to treat cancer

(b) spring water

(c) tropical forests

Ans: (a) medicines to treat cancer

(iii) Complete the statement. 

Biotic resources are_________

(a) derived from living things

(b) made by human beings

(c) derived from non-living things

Ans: (a) derived from living things

Que 3. Activity

“Rahiman paani raakhiye, Bin paani sab soon.

   Paani gaye na ubere Moti, manus, choon…”

[Says Rahim, keep water, as without water there is nothing. Without water pearl, swan and dough cannot exist. ]

These lines were written by the poet Abdur Rahim Khankhana, one of the nine gems of Akbar’s court. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in 100 words what would happen if this resource disappeared?

Ans: In these lines the poet is referring to the water resources. If the water resource gets exhausted then life on earth will become impossible. Without water resources, all the plants will dry up. The seas will dry up due to which all the sea creatures will die. Without water, even man will not survive. All the living beings in the forests will die due to lack of water. Thus life will end from the whole earth.

2: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?

Ans: Temperature and rain.

(ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.

Ans: Deforestation and overgrazing.

(iii) Why is land considered an important resource?

Ans: Land is considered an important resource because it is used for different 

purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up 

of industries.

(iv) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals.

Ans: 

1. The government has signed an international agreement CITES (The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). In which trade of many species of animals and birds has been banned.
2. Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 was implemented.

(v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Ans: 

1. The waste materials of the industries should not be discharged into the rivers and lakes.
2. Plant more and more trees because the vegetation cover retards the flow of water and replenishes the ground water.
3. By sprinkler and drip irrigation.

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?

(a) time        (b) soil texture              (c) organic matter

Ans: (b) soil texture

(ii) Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?

(a) shelter belts        (b) mulching          (c) terrace cultivation

Ans: (c) terrace cultivation

(iii) Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature?

(a) switch off the bulb when not in use 

(b) close the tap immediately after using 

(c) dispose polypacks after shopping

Ans: (c) dispose polypacks after shopping

Que 3. Match the followings :

(i) Land use (ii) Humus (iii) Rock dams(iv) Biosphere

(a) prevent soil erosion(b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere (c) productive use of land(d) organic matter deposited on top soil(e) contour ploughing

Ans: 

(i) Land use (ii) Humus (iii) Rock dams(iv) Biosphere

(c) productive use of land(d) organic matter deposited on top soil(a) prevent soil erosion(b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

Que 4. State whether the given statement is true or false. If true, write the reasons. 

(i) Ganga–Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region.

Ans: This statement is true. These plains are very fertile. Water resources are abundant here. Flat land is accessible to the population.

(ii) Water availability per person in India is declining.

Ans: This statement is true. Water availability per person in India is declining due to increasing population, over-irrigation for agriculture and overused in industries.

(iii) Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind  movement is called intercropping.

Ans: This statement is not true.

(iv) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem.

Ans: This statement is not true.

Que 5. Activity

Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes of land use pattern. 

Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?

Do yourself.

3: Agriculture

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(i) What is agriculture?

Ans: Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.

(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture?

Ans: The main factors influencing agriculture are following:

1. Land
2. Soil
3. Climate 

(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?

Ans: A piece of land is cleared by cutting trees. Then it is cultivated. When the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Jhum cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

(iv) What is plantation agriculture?

Ans: In plantation agriculture, a nursery of crops is prepared at one place and then they are transplanted in the fields. Plantation is a type of commercial farming

(v) Name the fiber crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.

Ans: Name of the fiber crops are cotton and jute. 

• Climatic conditions for Cotton: High temperature, light rainfall, bright sunshine.
• Climatic conditions for Jute: High temperature, heavy rainfall, Humid climate. 

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Horticulture means

(a) growing of fruits and vegetables (b) primitive farming (c) growing of wheat

Ans: (a) growing of fruits and vegetables

(ii) Golden fibre refers to

(a) tea          (b) cotton        (c) jute

Ans: (c) jute

(iii) Leading producers of coffee

(a) Brazil       (b) India         (c) Russia

Ans: (a) Brazil

Que 3. Give reasons.

(i) In India agriculture is a primary activity.

Ans: Agriculture is a primary activity in India as primary activities involve production and extraction from natural resources. Agriculture is also the process of production from the land.

(ii) Different crops are grown in different regions.

Ans: Different crops require different soil and climate. Therefore, different crops are grown in regions having favorable soil and climate.

Que 4. Distinguish between the followings.

(i) Primary activities and tertiary activities

Ans: 

Primary activities	Tertiary activities
Primary activities are related to the production and extraction of natural resources.This includes agriculture and mining activities.	tertiary activities provide services to primary and secondary activitiesActivities like education, health, communication, transport, etc. come in this.

(ii) Subsistence farming and intensive farming.

Ans: 

Subsistence farming	Intensive farming
In subsistence agriculture, crops are grown on large farms without resources to meet the needs of the family.In this, irrigation depends on rain.It requires less capital.	In intensive agriculture, more crops are grown in smaller fields with more labor and resources.In this irrigation is done by wells and tube wells.It requires more capital.

Que 5. Activity

(i) Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds and pulses available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out in which type of soil they grow.

Ans:

seeds	type of soil
wheatricejowarbajraragimaizeoilseeds pulses	alluvial soilcalcareous alluvial soilalluvial soilsandy soil, alluvial soilsandy soil, alluvial soilalluvial soilsandy soil, alluvial soilalluvial soilalluvial soil

(ii) Find out the difference between the life style of farmers in the USA and India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books, newspapers and the Internet.

Ans:

lifestyle of farmers in the India:-

lifestyle of farmers in the USA :-

4: Industries

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

Ans: Industry refers to those economic activities which are related to production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.

(ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?

Ans:- (i) Raw material (ii) Energy, (iii) Favorable climate, (iv) Land, (v) Capital, (vi) Transport, (vii) Market (viii) Labour.

(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why?

Ans:- Steel industry is called the backbone of modern industry because all the things that we use are either made of iron or steel or made of tools and machines made of these metals.

Que 2. Distinguish between the following.

(i) Agro-based and mineral based industry

Ans:

Agro-based	Mineral based
Agricultural products are used as raw materials in these industries.Example: Cotton textile industry and sugar industry.	Minerals are used as raw materials in these industries.Example: Cement industry and iron and steel industry.

(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry

Ans: 

Public Sector	Joint Sector
These industries are owned and operated by the government. Example:- Railway, Steel Authority of India.	These industries are owned and operated by the government and the people. Example:- Maruti Udyog.

Q3. Give two examples of the following in the space provided:

(i) Raw Materials: _____________ and _____________________

(ii) End products: _______________ and _________________________

(iii) Tertiary Activities: ________________ and __________

(iv) Agro-based Industries: ____________ and ____________ 

(v) Cottage Industries: ___________ and ________________

(vi) Co-operatives: ______________________ and _____________

Ans: 

(i) Raw material: bauxite and coal

(ii) End products: Car and clothes

(iii) Tertiary Activities: Banking and Transport

(iv) Agro-based Industries: Cotton Textile Industry and Sugar Industry

(v) Cottage Industries: making pottery and making bamboo baskets

(vi) Co-operatives: Amul Dairy and Sudha Dairy.

5: Human Resource

Exercises

Que 1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Why are people considered a resource?

Ans: People convert everything into a resource by their needs and abilities. That’s why people are considered a resource.

(ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?

Ans: The following are the reasons for unequal distribution of population in the world:-

1. Most of the world’s population lives in flat plains.
2. Climate is an important factor in the distribution of population. The population is less in snowy places and hot desert areas.
3. Three fourth of the population resides in the continent of Asia and Africa.
4. The distribution of population is more on fertile land.
5. Due to more employment opportunities in industrial areas, people come and settle in large numbers.
6. Cultural Factors Places of religion and cultural importance attract people.
7. Social factors attract the area with good housing, education and health facilities.

(iii) The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?

Ans: Rapid population growth is due to the following reasons:

1. Reduction in mortality due to food supply and drugs.
2. Birth rate still high.

(iv) Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.

Ans: Two factors affecting population change are:

1. Birth rate and death rate play an important role in affecting the population.
2. Migration is also a major factor in population change. The population increases due to the arrival of migrants.

(v) What is meant by population composition?

Ans: Population composition shows the structure of population of a country in terms of age, sex-ratio, literacy rate, health, occupation, income level.

(vi) What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding about the population of a country?

Ans: An interesting method of studying population composition is called the population pyramid. It helps in studying various aspects of the population of a country. The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people living in a country. The pyramid represents all the data simply.

Que 2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which does the term population distribution refer to?

 (a) How population in a specified area changes over time.

 (b) The number of people who die in relation to the number of people born in a specified area.

 (c) The way in which people are spread across a given area.

Ans: (c) The way in which people are spread across a given area.

(ii) Which are three main factors that cause population change?

 (a) Births, deaths and marriage

 (b) Births, deaths and migration

 (c) Births, deaths and life expectancy 

Ans: (b) Births, deaths and migration

(iii) In 1999, the world population reached

 (a) 1 billion (b) 3 billion (c) 6 billion

Ans: (a) 1 billion

(iv) What is a population pyramid?

 (a) A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.

 (b) When the population density of an area is so high that people live in tall buildings.

 (c) Pattern of population distribution in large urban areas.

Ans: (a) A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.

Que 3. Complete the sentences below using some of the following words.

sparsely, favourable, fallow, artificial, fertile, natural, extreme, densely

When people are attracted to an area it becomes ………………….. populated. Factors that influence this include ………………….. climate; good supplies of ………………….. resources and ………………….. land.

Ans: When people are attracted to an area it becomes densely populated. Factors that influence this include favourable climate; good supplies of natural resources and fertile land.

Civics

1: The Indian Constitution 

Exercises

Que 1. Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

Ans: A democratic country needs a constitution for the following reasons: –

1. The misuse of power by the politicians can be stopped by the constitution.
2. The constitution clarifies the rights of the citizens and protects their rights.
3. The constitution plays an important role in running the governance according to the rules.
4. The Constitution determines the values and ideals of all citizens.
5. The constitution limits the powers of the government.
6. The constitution controls the autocracy of the government.

Que 2. Look at the wordings of the two documents given below. The first column is from the 1990 Nepal Constitution. The second column is from the more recent Constitution of Nepal.

1990 Constitution of NepalPart 7: Executive	2015 Constitution of NepalPart 7: Federal Executive
Article 35: Executive Power: The executive power of the Kingdom of Nepal shall be vested in His Majesty and the Council of Ministers.	Article 75: Executive Power: The executive power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this Constitution and law, be vested in the Council of Ministers.

What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal?

Ans: In the 1990 Constitution of Nepal, the executive powers are with the King and his Council of Ministers, while in the 2015 Constitution, the executive powers are in the hands of the Council of Ministers. According to the 2015 constitution, the executive powers rest with the elected representatives. That’s why Nepal needs a new constitution based on democratic system.

Que 3. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

Ans: If there is no restrictions on the power of the elected representatives, then they can misuse the powers. They can start making all the plans and policies for their own benefit. They put the opponents in jail as is done in a monarchy.

Que 4. In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.

(a) In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.

(b) In a city, 5 percent of the population are Buddhists.

(c) In a factory mess for all employees, 80 percent are vegetarians.

(d) In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.

Ans: 

(a) Women teachers are in the minority in this situation. We should respect the views of women teachers because in the constitution all are equal on the basis of gender.

(b) Buddhists are in the minority in this situation. We should respect their religion because everyone has the right to religious freedom in the constitution.

(c) Non-vegetarian people are in minority in the factory. We should not discriminate against them because according to the constitution everyone has the right to choose their food.

(d) Students from poor families are in the minority in the class. We should not discriminate with poor students as everyone has equal rights in the constitution.

Que 5. The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian Constitution. In the other column write two sentences, in your own words, on why you think this feature is important:

Key Feature	Significance
Federalism
Separation of Powers
Fundamental Rights
Parliamentary Form of Government

Ans:-

Key Feature	Significance
Federalism	(i) Federalism has more than one level of government. Like- Central Government, State Government and Local Government.(ii) In federalism, the powers are divided among the different levels of governments.
Separation of Powers	(i) In this the powers of governance are divided into legislature, executive, judiciary.(ii) All three organs control each other. In this way the balance of power remains between the three organs.
Fundamental Rights	(i) Fundamental rights protect the citizens from arbitrary use of power.(ii) Fundamental rights protect the rights of the public and prevent any kind of injustice.
Parliamentary Form of Government	(i) In the parliamentary form of government, the people directly elect their representatives.(ii) In this system, the constitution and the people have complete control over the government.

Que 6. Write down the names of the Indian States,which share borders with the following neighbouring nations:

(a) Bangladesh

(b) Bhutan

(c) Nepal

Ans: 

(a) Bangladesh:- West Bengal, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam.

(b) Bhutan:- West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh.

(c) Nepal:- West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand.

3: Parliament and the Making the Laws

Exercises

Que 1. Why do you think our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?

Ans: Our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote. The experiences of colonial rule convinced nationalists that in independent India all people had the ability to participate in the decisions that affected their lives. The nationalists believed that all adults should have the right to vote to prevent the arbitrariness of the government. Therefore, the principle of universal adult franchise was adopted in the constitution.

Que 2. In this 2004 map of Parliamentary constituencies alongside, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the MP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue? 

Ans: The name of the MP of our constituency is Ramesh Bidhuri. Seven MPs go to the Parliament from our state. Green colored constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Tribes. The constituencies in blue are reserved for Scheduled Castes.

Que 3. You have read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (central government) and the various State Legislatures (state governments).

Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area:

	State Government	Central Government
Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?
When were elections last held?
When will the next elections be held?
How many women representatives are there (from your state)?

Ans:

	State Government	Central Government
Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?	AAP	BJP
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?	Sh. Prakash Jarwal	Sh. Ramesh Bidhuri
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?	BJP	Congress
When were elections last held?	2020	2019
When will the next elections be held?	2025	2024
How many women representatives are there (from your state)?	8	1

Que 4. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.

Ans: Women’s organizations started receiving complaints of ill-treatment of women at home. The demand for a new law to deal with such incidents continued to arise. Finally in 2002, a bill on this was introduced in the Parliament. Women’s organizations and the National Commission for Women raised their voice for changes in this bill. In December 2002, the Standing Committee submitted its recommendations to the Rajya Sabha. These recommendations were also passed in the Lok Sabha. The Standing Committee accepted most of the demands of the women’s organisations. In 2005, the new bill was passed in both houses. After this the bill was signed by the President and it became a law. The Domestic Violence Women’s Protection Act has been implemented since 2006.

4: Judiciary

Exercises

Que 1. You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law and Enforcing

Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this

important function?

Ans: One of the main functions of the judiciary is to ‘uphold the law and enforce fundamental rights’. It is essential for the judiciary to be independent to perform this important function. If the judiciary remains subordinate to the government, it will not be able to take decisions against powerful leaders. In the absence of independence, judges may be forced to give verdicts in favor of politicians. Therefore, the judiciary should be independent so that it can protect the rights of the people.

Que 2. Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in Chapter 1. How do you think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review?

Ans: Right to Constitutional Remedies allows citizens to approach the court in case any of their fundamental rights are violated by the state. Judiciary is the final interpreter of the constitution. If the judiciary feels that the law violates the basic structure of the constitution, it has the power to review or nullify a particular law passed by the parliament, which is called judicial review. Thus we find that the right to constitutional remedies is directly linked to the idea of judicial review.

Que 3. In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgments given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class.

Ans: In the case of Sudha Goyal, the following decisions were given by the courts of all the three levels:

(i) Judgment of the lower court:- Laxman, his mother Shakuntala and Sudha’s brother-in-law Subhash Chandra were convicted and all three were sentenced to death.

(ii) Decision of the High Court:- Laxman. Shakuntala and Subhash Chandra all three were acquitted.

(iii) Verdict of the Supreme Court – The court acquitted Subhash Chandra of the charges as there was no evidence against him and sentenced Laxman, Shakuntala to life imprisonment.

Que 4. Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sentences that are true and correct the ones that are false.

(a) The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the Trial Court.

(b) They went to the High Court after the Supreme Court had given its decision.

(c) If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the Trial Court.

Ans: 

(a) This statement is correct.

(b) This statement is wrong. Correct Statement: They went to the High Court against the decision of the lower court.

(c) This statement is incorrect. Correct Statement: If the accused are not satisfied with the decision of the Supreme Court, they cannot approach the lower court again.

Que 5. Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?

Ans: 

Certainly, the system of public interest litigation introduced in the 1980s was an important step in providing justice to all. It was very difficult for the poor man to reach the court to get justice. In such a situation, efforts were made to establish access to the maximum number of people to the court through the system of public interest litigation.

Que 6. Re-read excerpts from the judgment on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood was part of the Right to Life.

Answer: In this decision, the court described the right to livelihood as a part of the right to life. The scope of right to life given by Article 21 is very wide. An important aspect of this right is also the right to livelihood because no person can survive without livelihood. When a person is evicted from a track or slum, his means of livelihood are immediately destroyed. The empirical evidence in the present case leads to the conclusion that by displacing the petitioners, they would be deprived of their livelihood and thus life.

Que 7. Write a story around the theme, ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.

Answer: In fact, ‘justice delayed means justice denied’. This story will make it clear.

Ramswaroop was a retired employee. He bought a flat from a builder with his retirement savings, which he was to get in a year. But when the builder did not give the flat even for three years, he filed a case against the builder. After fighting the case for 6 years, the district court ruled in favor of Ramswaroop. But the builder challenged this decision in the High Court. Long dates started falling and 9 more years passed for the court’s decision to come. Ramswaroop had to live in a rented house for 15 years after retirement and had to go through the courts. When he got justice at the age of 75, he realized that delay in justice is murder of justice in a way.

Que 8. Make sentences with each of the glossary words given on the next page.

Ans:

(i) Acquit:- The court acquitted Ramesh due to lack of sufficient evidence.

(ii) To Appeal:- Prakash, being dissatisfied with the decision of the lower court, appealed to the High Court.

(iii) Compensation:- Railways had to pay compensation to all the injured in the train accident.

(iv) Eviction:- The court evicted him from the property.

(v) Violation:- Penalty was imposed on the company for violating the rules.

5: Understanding the Marginalisation

Exercises

Que1. Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word

‘marginalisation’.

Ans: Marginalization means marginalization or marginalization of someone in the society. They are isolated from the society. They do not get access to education and resources.

Que 2. List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.

Ans: The reasons for continuous marginalization of tribals are as follows:-

Forests, the main source of their livelihood, are being cleared in the name of development.

Due to being deprived of education, they are not able to connect with the mainstream of development.

Que 3. Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?

Ans: The majority community influences the government more. In such a situation, small communities keep slipping on the margins. Therefore, there is a need for constitutional protective provisions to protect the minority communities from the cultural hegemony of the majority community.

Que 4. Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term

minority?

Ans: The word minority means less in number. A minority community is a community that is smaller in number than the rest of the population.

Que 5. You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ‘Muslims are a marginalised community’. Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.

Ans: Muslims are a marginalized community. In its favor are the following arguments:

25% of children aged 6 to 14 either did not go to school or dropped out. Muslims have the lowest literacy rate among other religious communities.

The percentage of Muslim community in government jobs is very less as compared to others.

Que 6. Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time”. List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.

Ans: I will tell my friend the following things related to the life of tribals:-

1. There is very little difference between high and low among the tribals.
2. These communities are completely different from communities based on caste or caste or communities living under the rule of kings.
3. They often worship their ancestors, the village and nature. Objects related to nature include mountains, rivers, animals, etc.
4. There are many tribal religions among the tribals. Their religion is completely different from Islam, Hinduism, Christianity etc.

Que 7. In the storyboard you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?

Answer: Students themselves.

Que 8. Would you agree with the statement that economic marginalisation and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?

Ans: Yes, agree that economic marginalization and social marginalization are linked. When a community is socially marginalised, its economic development is stunted. He is denied resources. That community moves towards economic marginalization. Similarly, when a community is economically weak, it does not get equal status socially. Thus economic and social marginalization are interlinked.

6: Confronting Marginalisation 

Exercises

Que 1. List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.

Ans: The fundamental rights that can be used for dignified and egalitarian treatment of Dalit community are as follows:-

Right to Equality:- All people are equal in the eyes of the law. This means that the law of the land will provide equal protection to all people. It has also been said in this right that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, caste or gender.

Right to Freedom:- This right includes freedom of expression and speech, freedom to form organizations, freedom to move anywhere in the country and freedom to do any business.

Que 2. Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.

Ans: According to the provisions of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Act 1989, inhuman acts by the upper classes with Dalit or tribal groups, occupation of lands, insulting women, etc. are illegal and punishable offences. Ratnam filed a complaint under this law as the upper castes ostracized Ratnam and his family. His hut was set on fire. This law is made for such atrocities.

Que 3. Why do Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to

believe this?

Ans: The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 has provided that if any person occupies or cultivates land allotted to or owned by a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or gets it transferred in his own name, he shall be punished.

Activists say that those who have forcibly encroached upon tribal lands should be punished under this law. They say that constitutionally the tribal land cannot be sold to any non-tribal person. Where this has happened, they should get their land back to maintain the dignity of the Constitution.

Que 4. The poems and the song in this Unit allow you to see the range of ways in which individuals and communities express their opinions, their anger and their sorrow. In class, do the following two exercises:

(a) Bring to class a poem that discusses a social issue. Share this with your classmates. Work in small groups with two or more poems to discuss their meaning as well as what the poet is trying to communicate.

(b) Identify a marginalised community in your locality. Write a poem, or song, or draw a poster etc to express your feelings as a member of this community.

Ans: Do yourself.